what percentage of jews died in the holocaust
[379], The economic strain of the Great Depression led Protestant charities and some members of the German medical establishment to advocate compulsory sterilization of the "incurable" mentally and physically disabled,[381] people the Nazis called Lebensunwertes Leben (life unworthy of life). [369][370] Hitler's plan combined classic imperialism with Nazi racial ideology. Between 58,000 and 66,260 Jews remained in the country. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Like the adults, however, teens fare best on the questions about when the Holocaust occurred and what ghettos were. [408], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. [175] After mid-1943, some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos were converted into concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to a concentration camp. In Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Norway and Estonia, the figure was about 50 percent. [237] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[239]. [233] Written by Eichmann and stamped "Top Secret", the minutes were written in "euphemistic language" on Heydrich's instructions, according to Eichmann's later testimony.[234]. [161], At first the Einsatzgruppen targeted the male Jewish intelligentsia, defined as male Jews aged 1560 who had worked for the state and in certain professions. Nearly half of Americans get at least three questions right, including one-quarter who correctly answer all four questions (24%). [102] Although the Warsaw Ghetto contained 30 percent of the city's population, it occupied only 2.4 percent of its area,[103] averaging over nine people per room. Germany had a policy of forced confiscation of food that resulted in famine deaths of an estimated 6% of the population, or 4.1million. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. Either the German authorities were a party to this outbreak or their powers over public order and a hooligan minority are not what they are proudly claimed to be. [112], Germany invaded Norway and Denmark on 9 April 1940, during Operation Weserbung. [126] Adolf Eichmann's office was ordered to investigate the option, but no evidence of planning exists until after the defeat of France in June 1940. [155] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[156] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. 1993. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. [180][181], Holocaust victims of Germany's allies[182], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGoldsteinGoldstein2016 (. However, one difference between teens and adults is the relationship between gender and Holocaust knowledge. Emigration from the Reich was ultimately banned in October 1941. Types and Numbers of Nazi Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 Estimated Deaths from Nazi Violence during World War II (by Group) Estimated Number of Prisoners and Survivors (by Extermination Camps) In response, two-thirds say the Holocaust refers to the attempted annihilation of the Jewish people, or words to that effect, mentioning the mass murder of Jews. [340] Already sick after exposure to violence and starvation, they were marched to train stations and transported for days without food or shelter in open freight cars, then forced to march again at the other end to the new camp. [357] The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[358] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. [222] According to Gerlach, an unidentified former German Sicherheitsdienst officer wrote in a report in 1944, after defecting to Switzerland: "After America entered the war, the annihilation (Ausrottung) of all European Jews was initiated on the Fhrer's order. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW [158] In the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (Soviet Ukraine), nearly 24,000 Jews were killed between 27 and 30 August 1941. One Man's Journey to ID Death March Victims * Jews estimated murdered in the Holocaust: 6 million [d] The murders were carried out in pogroms and mass shootings; by a policy of extermination through labor in concentration camps; and in gas chambers and gas vans in German extermination camps, chiefly Auschwitz-Birkenau, Beec, Chemno, Majdanek, Sobibr, and Treblinka in occupied Poland.[5]. Other groups were persecuted for political or ideological reasons, or on the basis of what the Nazi regime considered to be criminal behavior. [425], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. [95], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. [412] However, where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional reason for persecution. the case that 5.5 million to six million Jews died in the Holocaust, said . For example, non-Jews who correctly answer at least three of the four multiple-choice questions about the Holocaust rate Jews at a relatively warm 67 degrees on the feeling thermometer, on average. [236] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. [94] The Germans sent Jews from all territories they had annexed (Austria, the Czech lands, and western Poland) to the central section of Poland, which was termed the General Government. [283], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. Prewar estimates for the latest year available (1937-1941). [18] As non-Jewish groups began to include themselves as Holocaust victims, many Jews chose to use the Hebrew terms Shoah or Churban. Forced to retreat on 19 April from the OB and ZW fighters, they returned later that day under the command of SS General Jrgen Stroop (author of the Stroop Report about the uprising). [206], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. The study was conducted mostly among members of Pew Research Centers American Trends Panel (a nationally representative panel of randomly selected U.S. adults recruited from landline and cellphone random-digit-dial surveys and an address-based survey), supplemented by interviews with members of the Ipsos KnowledgePanel. "Not much will remain of the Jews. [192] Romania implemented anti-Jewish measures in May and June 1940 as part of its efforts towards an alliance with Germany. [124], The fall of France gave rise to the Madagascar Plan in the summer of 1940, when French Madagascar in Southeast Africa became the focus of discussions about deporting all European Jews there; it was thought that the area's harsh living conditions would hasten deaths. Now the world war has come. Overall, U.S. teens correctly answer about the same number of questions (1.8, on average) as adults whose formal education ended with high school (1.7). After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. The totals for all countries show that nearly two-thirds of all Jews in Europe were killed during the Holocaust. The population data ranges from 1937-1941 so, for example, the countries where the figures came from 1937 may not accurately reflect the number of Jews at the time the war began. Recruiting panelists this way gives us confidence that any sample can represent the whole population (watch our Methods 101 explainer on random sampling). The four multiple-choice questions also were included in a separate survey of approximately 1,800 U.S. teens (ages 13 to 17). [306] On 7 October 1944, 300 Jewish members, mostly Greek or Hungarian, of the Sonderkommando at Auschwitz learned they were about to be killed, and staged an uprising, blowing up crematorium IV. , Responses to this question were coded to prioritize knowledge of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. [402] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[403] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. The Deutsches rzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". [377] At least 200,000 died in concentration camps, around 146,000 in Auschwitz. Film Reviews. Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". [38] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. In a memorandum ten days after the invasion, "U odbilo idom! . The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. ", "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945", "Shoah: How a Biblical Term Became the Hebrew Word for Holocaust", "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", "Senior Management Team: Dr. Michael Gray, Academic and Universities Director", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Antisemitic Austrian election poster by Bernd Steiner", "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country", "Einsatzgruppe member kills a Jewish woman and her child near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942". [200] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. The former said that only those of "German or kindred blood" could be citizens. [101] The inhabitants had to pay for food and other supplies by selling whatever goods they could produce. One of the most disturbing revelations, the survey noted, is that 11 percent of respondents believe Jews caused the. According to Dan Stone the Holocaust was a pan-European phenomenon, a series of "Holocausts" impossible to conduct without local collaborators and Germany's allies. [132][133][134], In the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), the Nazi regime demanded that its rulers, the Ustae, adopt antisemitic racial policies, persecute Jews and set up several concentration camps. [433] In popular culture, Hitler is a hegemonic historical analogy for evil[434] and Nazi comparisons are common. [272] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[273] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. There is no single wartime document created by Nazi officials that spells out how many people were killed in the Holocaust or World War II. One standout piece, the "Briolette of India," includes a 90-carat diamond . On a feeling thermometer designed to gauge sentiments toward a variety of groups, nine-in-ten non-Jewish respondents who underestimate the Holocausts death toll express neutralor warm feelings toward Jews, while just one-in-ten give Jews a cold rating. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and they wanted to create a racially pure state. This time, we also included a few questions aimed at measuring how much Americans know about the Holocaust, resulting in this report. No personnel were available or inclined to count Jewish deaths until the very end of World War II and the Nazi regime. [342] Treblinka, Sobibr, and Beec were never liberated, but were destroyed by the Germans in 1943. [220] The following day, Joseph Goebbels, the Reich Minister of Propaganda, noted in his diary: Regarding the Jewish question, the Fhrer is determined to clear the table. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. Their percentage among the general population - about 10% - was also the highest in Europe.After the conquest of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939, most of the Jews remaining within the area occupied by Germany - approximately 1 Murder of the Jews of Poland Skip to main content Accessibility High contrast The tendency to see the Holocaust as a unique event was influential in early Holocaust scholarship, but came under contestation,[432] and eventually mainstream Holocaust scholarship came to reject explicit claims of uniqueness, while recognizing differences between the Holocaust and other genocides. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. In December 1942, the United Nations adopted a joint declaration condemning the systematic murder of Jews. Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany, "Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. Auschwitz, for example, was expanded in October 1941 by building Auschwitz II-Birkenau a few kilometers away. Various factors combined to create a different reality than in the other countries under German occupation. [435] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. The segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question, discussed by senior government officials at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin in January 1942. By comparison, non-Jews who correctly answer one question or less (including those who get none right) rate their feelings toward Jews at 58 degrees, on average. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial. [326], By 1943 it was evident to the leadership of the armed forces that Germany was losing the war. These countries were not necessarily signatories of the Tripartite Pact (Finland) and signatories of the Tripartite Pact were not necessarily allies of Germany (Slovakia and Croatia were puppet states). The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. Paramilitary death squads called Einsatzgruppen, in cooperation with the German Army and local collaborators, murdered around 1.3million Jews in mass shootings and pogroms from the summer of 1941. [314] One of the famous Jewish groups was the Bielski partisans in Belarus, led by the Bielski brothers. [274] At Auschwitz, about 20 percent of Jews were selected to work. [124] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. The overall death and destruction that took place during World War II may well be beyond human comprehension. In Berlin we were told "Why all this trouble? [91], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". [343] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[344] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [62] The second law said: "Marriages between Jews and subjects of the state of German or related blood are forbidden." Note (1)"Other" includes, for example, persons killed in shooting operations in Poland in 19391940; as partisans in Yugoslavia, Greece, Italy, France or Belgium; in labor battalions in Hungary; during antisemitic actions in Germany and Austria before the war; by the Iron Guard in Romania, 19401941; and on evacuation marches from concentration camps and labor camps in the last six months of World War II. [389] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. [409] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. [426] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). And close to two-thirds know that Nazi-created ghettos were parts of a city or town where Jews were forced to live. Though this is the best information available, it is based on estimates and cannot take into the unknown number of victims whose bodies were never recovered or for whom there were no records. He warned the Jews that if they were to cause another world war, it would lead to their destruction. And U.S. adults who live in the West, Northeast and Midwest perform slightly better than those who live in the South. "[219] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. See also: Austria-Hungary, Hungary in World War I, Treaty of Trianon, and Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) In the 1941 census, the population of Hungary was 14,683,323. [366] Russian government sources currently cite these civilian casualty figures in their official statements. This may reflect disparities in education. More than 90% of the Jews who lived in Greece's fabled "Jerusalem of the Balkans . [382] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" [201] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. [296] Around 1,000 poorly armed fighters held the SS at bay for four weeks. 2 Between 1939 and 1941, Jews were systematically deprived of their property and their ability to work. [302], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). [391] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [163] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. [287], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. [43], With the appointment in January 1933 of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany and the Nazi's seizure of power, German leaders proclaimed the rebirth of the Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. By Raoul Wootliff 31 December 2015, 12:17 pm. The Holocaust is the best documented case of genocide. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [371] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. [34] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[360] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. [52], Throughout the 1930s, the legal, economic, and social rights of Jews were steadily restricted. By the end of World War II, in 1945, the Jewish population of Europe had shrunk to 3.8 million, or 35% of the world's 11 million Jews. Works by Jewish composers,[58] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. [392], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. What follow are the current best estimates of civilians and captured soldiers killed by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Copy no.
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