linguistic divergence examples
[3739]). The present study focuses on the linguistic convergence and divergence of a vernacular language to the standard language, that is, how vernacular language forms move closer to the standard forms, and how vernacular language forms move further away from the standard forms. It is logical, then, to propose that geographic distances may correlate with linguistic diversity. The Arabic-Persian language is called Khuzistani. Speech accommodation is a modifying speech style toward (convergence) or away from (divergence) the perceived style of the person being talked to. We interpret this difference as a consequence of the fact that traditional qualitative classifications have an implicit geographic bias or are based on selections of isoglosses that naturally tend to behave better in spatial terms than shared lexical retentions and innovations, on which quantitative phylogenies are usually based. Yes Fig 1 presents our region of interest. So how do people respond when they use a shared language with different meanings? Dashed lines represent the mean of the distribution (W = 0.5 in all cases), andfull red lines represent the observed value for the phylogeny, as red bars in Fig 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265460.g007. to reconstruct the pre-history of languages and to determine their relatedness, grouping them into . Filatov and Daniels tree also includes some highly divergent lects, such as Gigatli for the Chamalal language and Anchik and especially Tukita for the Karata language; their impact on a comparison with a phylogeny that does not include them is hard to predict. While some analyses of between-group factors highlight the role of geographical isolation and reduced linguistic exchange in differentiation, others suggest that linguistic divergence is driven . Conceptualization, We have shown that the correlation between phylogeny and geography plays out at such a small scale. gence et une divergence dans la reaction du lecteur ont pu etre produites par des facteurs particuliers rattach6s au lecteur et au texte. In [65] (Fig 2b), Alekseev suggests three branchesAndi-Botlikh-Godoberi, Karata-Akhvakh, and Bagvalal-Tindi-Chamalalon the basis of what he calls his observations [65:3]. (translation is ours): According to our observations, it is possible to isolate three subgroups of Andic languages, including Andi-Botlikh-Godoberi, Karata-Akhvakh and Bagvalal-Tindi-Chamalal. Red bars use node-wise distances and are available for all phylogenies. As we discussed, the flatter the topology is, the closer is the correlation to W = 0.5. For all the 20 village varieties (blue bar), instead, the correlation is much higher than for most other phylogenies, only slightly lower than Schulzes. Provided that a match between non-linguistic evidence on the one side and linguistic data on the other may be confounded by language shifts and contact phenomena, there are potential caveats regarding these methods. Examples of divergence divergence They are not homogenous people, and the historic and prehistoric factors that led to their divergence are still being explored. We suggest that the better fit between geography and linguistic classifications that are less immune to convergence arises because geographic adjacency is translated into an implicit geographic bias of qualitative classifications. Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. [40]) and convergence of typological profiles, often at a macro-level [41]. We calculated two types of distances: i) great circle distances (GCD), i.e. We study the correlation between phylogenetic and geographic distances for the languages of the Andic branch of the East Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) language family. He was a very, he was an intimidating kind of guy and definitely used that to his power. Linguistic diversity is sometimes measured using a language . As a result, flatter topologies are more, and complex topologies are less immune to village sampling. relying on tree-like representations [4952]) and justify novel (e.g. Linguistic convergence: when people who speak different languages interact harmoniously and their languages merge into one. Divergence in linguistics refers to one of the five principles by which grammaticalization can be detected while it is taking place. Fig 6 and discussion below). This model implied that linguistic innovations do not evenly spread over a given dialect continuum. It is noteworthy that this classification corresponds to the different geographic sub-zones where the Andic languages are spoken, including the Botlikh district, the Akhvakh district and the Tsumada district. In order to make it possible to meaningfully compare the phylogenies, we had to reduce the number of lects in Filatov and Daniels tree so as to match the other trees. A series of studies have focused on longitudinal changes within the speech of a single speaker over a fifty year span. Code-switching or style-shifting can also be examples of convergence, as long as the shift is toward an interlocutor - the person you're talking to. None of these three qualitative classifications seems to be based primarily on lexical divergence, and no methodology is provided. But people can also shift away from an . Second, some village varieties of what is traditionally considered one language may be highly divergent from its other varieties, arguably constituting separate languages (this applies to the Chamalal spoken in Gigatli; the Karata spoken in Tukita; Lower Andi dialects as compared to Upper Andi dialects; and South Akhvakh dialects as compared to North Akhvakh dialects). removing known loanwords), generally believed to be resistant to the effects of language contact, deliver levels of correlation lower than those obtained from classifications based on qualitative similarities and selected isoglosses. Our interpretation is that when building qualitative classifications, researchers may naturally bend towards geographically meaningful isoglosses. In other classifications, both Akhvakh and Andi appear as outliers (even if in different orders, depending on classification; cf. His sales name was Cloud. Now contrast Susan's story with Elaine's story below. Wichmann and Rama [21: Sections 4.5.14.5.4] discuss more cases where various proposed subgroups in the Pacific are geographically circumscribed but not sufficiently supported by lexical evidence (South Sulawesi, Central Malayo-Polynesian, South Halmahera-West New Guinea). All graphs and maps in this paper were created with the R programming language [72] using the following packages: ggplot2 [73] and lingtypology [74]. When using them, all one can rely upon is the expertise and the authority of their authors, who may cross-reference each other but in the end provide neither isomorphic classifications, nor explicit criteria of linguistic (dis)similarities to falsify their suggestions. to village sampling). No, Is the Subject Area "Phylogenetic analysis" applicable to this article? This example illustrates a new theory of communication calledlanguage convergence/meaning divergence. Lessau, Donald A. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. . Example based Knowledge is extracted from a corpus. Divergences occur at different levels and severely affect the quality of a translation. Essentially, the three lexicon-based phylogenies perform the worst in terms of correlation with geographic distances. Examples like these seem to represent very different understandings of a common language. This set of linguistic data is often accompanied by extra-linguistic information, the most important coming from archaeology, population genetics, and geography. Oh, right, basketball. The conventional set of language-internal tools used for phylogenetic reconstruction in historical linguistics includes the analysis of regular sound changes in basic lexicon, comparison of cognate retention and innovation, and comparative morphology and phonology. In order to test for significance, we define a statistic as how often, out of the 1,000 permutations, a permuted (i.e. This bias can be controlled for by randomly sampling one representative village per language, and re-calculating Kendalls W. In this sampling we use the locations of all 77 villages in Fig 1, and not only the 8 pre-selected ones. Fig 5). To make all phylogenies comparable, phylogenetic distances between languages were calculated based on topologies in Fig 5, taking the amount of nodes between two languages as linguistic distance between them. Formal analysis, andi1254 in Glottolog [70]). A convergence is a situation in which two or more things come together, join, or evolve into one. No, Is the Subject Area "Phylogenetics" applicable to this article? I said, 'No.' With this in mind, the numbers yielded by the test suggest a geographic bias in the qualitative phylogenies. Evans [23] proposed a Macro-Pama-Nyungan family tree, although each node was defined by a single shared innovation. When a lexical form undergoes grammaticalization to a clitic or affix, the original form may remain as an autonomous lexical element and undergo the same changes as ordinary lexical items. (Hopper 1991: 22) A possible formal distinction between divergence and split would be that the latter seems to be confined to cases where one and the same source has several targets, whereas the former merely refers to the drifting apart of previously more similar items. The values of the statistic are 0 for Alekseev, 0.007 (i.e. We hypothesize that such phylogenies would perform better in terms of correlation with the present-day geographic data. The criticism of the model was based on empirical testing: in [32] Nerbonne, van Gemert and Heeringa show that geography indeed plays an overwhelming role, [] there is no dominant gravity-like (inverse-square) force evident in the residue of linguistic differences, and [] the role of population, while weak, is actually the opposite of that postulated by the gravity model. See also [33], where praise and criticism of the Gravity Theory are discussed in detail. We tested the impact of this issue on our results by carrying out a permutation test on the whole set of villages, as explained below. crops or ceramics) and human groups (cf. This short unpublished manuscript only contains the tree but no linguistic arguments substantiating it. Roles In Section 4, we describe our results. Linguistic accommodation can often be seen in modern media. for example a child who speaks with his parents at home or answers a question . On the other hand, we could see that, opposite to what could be thought at a glance, the more assumedly precise the classification is (e.g. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. We did so by subsampling the same village lects as used by Koryakov (Rikvani for Andi, Kvanada for Bagvalal, Karata for Karata), or substituting them with presumably closest matches in cases where Filatov and Daniel did not have data from the same village (matching Tad-Magitl and Lologonitl for the Akhvakh language; Nizhnie Gakvari and Agvali for the Chamalal language); this also excluded the divergent lects. Writing original draft, Sources used by Filatov & Daniel and Koryakov, and even the varieties included in their studies (villages of the provenance of the lexical data) only marginally overlap. We perform pairwise comparisons of the linguistic phylogenies against the geographic distances with the method of Congruence Among Distance Matrices (CADM, [68,69]). These results suggest that, given their respective topologies, lexicon-based phylogenies are not the ones most aligned with the geography, while the qualitative ones, again given their topologies, are statistically among the most well-aligned. [5659]). Though the validity of the specific results presented here is limited to the Andic data, the proposed method of comparison itself can be extended to other language groups. The data for the languages spoken in each village of the dataset were taken from the East Caucasian villages dataset [71]. This gives us an idea as to whether a phylogeny correlates with geographic distribution of the languages in general, regardless of what villages we choose to calculate distances between languages. We obtain a positive correlation for all phylogenies in our dataset. Yes Divergence. Fig 6 provides a comparison of the correlation of each of the classifications with geographic distances, shown as the value of Kendalls W from CADM. Including more geographically and linguistically close varieties may obviously boost the correlation between phylogenetics and geography (cf. The divergence in languages may arise at various levels namely: lexical, syntactic, gerund, thematic, inflation, . For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click This approach is essentially non-phylogenetic due to the limitations of cladistic representation in its application to dialect continua [48]. Another issue with comparability of phylogenies is that, unlike the qualitative trees shown in Fig 2, the branch lengths of the trees on Fig 3 and Fig 4 are meaningful, proportional to the linguistic and/or chronological separation between lects. Funding: The article was prepared within the framework of the HSE University Basic Research Program (National Research University Higher School of Economics). ~Helps bind a cultural identity. Translations in context of "divergences on the text" in English-French from Reverso Context: These latter permitted the Panel to iron out last divergences on the text. Generally, explanations of communication suggest that if we improve the clarity or precision of our communication, we will better understand each other. As convergence/divergence represent more/less structural harmony between languages in contact, the deeper sense of internal and external motivations (factors, mechanisms) of these dynamics is discussed. We intentionally focus on a small area with great detail in locations, complex landscape and several reconstruction hypotheses proposed in various studies [61,6367] in order to check the applicability of a phylogenetically oriented analysis at a small scale, with several competing classifications included in the comparison. Red bars consider nodewise normalized phylogenies, for 8 villages. This creates pairs of varieties with the same linguistic distance (e.g. This spread uphill may lead to configurations such as the one that she calls Burushaski distribution, with an older (in the sense of a longer stay in situ) language cut into discontinuous mountainous areas by a later spread of language into a valley between. Divergence definition: A divergence is a difference between two or more things, attitudes , or opinions . In the case of Filatov & Daniels lexicon-based phylogeny [61], patristic distances for eight villages (green bar) perform as good as node-wise distances (red bar), and as Koryakovs and Mudraks phylogenies. Various scenarios that can lead to the observed geographic distributions of languages are suggested by Nichols [93], with many references to the languages of the Caucasus, including specifically Andic languages. Each color corresponds to one language, and dots surrounded by a black ring indicate the villages used as representatives of each language. Digging with a Fork. Andic languages form a branch of the East Caucasian (also known as Nakh-Daghestanian) language family. We can conclude that the samples we are using are representative in terms of geographic sampling. Koryakov uses the StarlingNJ method as a built-in function of the Starling database (see [60,80] for a brief description of StralingNJ). Although the author called this an essentially tentative classification [22: 5], it has had a great impact on comparative research into these languages, to the extent that it is used as part of Bantu languages naming system to our days, in certain contexts.