consequences of the night of the long knives
[83], Before its execution, the purges instigators referred to the plans under the codename Hummingbird (German: Kolibri), the word used to command execution squads into action on 30 June. Although many Germans approached the official news of the events as described by Joseph Goebbels with a great deal of scepticism, many others took the regime at its word, and believed that Hitler had saved Germany from a descent into chaos. The murders of SA leaders were also intended to improve the image of the Hitler government with a German public that was increasingly critical of thuggish SA tactics. [69] Finally, Hammerstein and Mackensen asked that Hindenburg reorganize the government by firing Baron Konstantin von Neurath, Robert Ley, Hermann Gring, Werner von Blomberg, Joseph Goebbels and Richard Walther Darr from the Cabinet. Within weeks of Rhms death, Hitler made an attempt to settle the question of union with Austria through simple violence. SS men stormed the hotel, and Hitler personally placed Rhm and other high-ranking SA leaders under arrest. "[77], Rhm was purged from all Nazi propaganda, such as The Victory of Faith, the Leni Riefenstahl film about the 1933 Nuremberg rally, which showed Rhm frequently alongside Hitler. [39] There in the prison courtyard, the Leibstandarte firing squad shot five SA generals and an SA colonel. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party. Hitler and the rest of the Nazi leadership disagreed with their approach. By 1935, over 1,600 newspapers had been closed. However, soon after the purge Hitler himself would name the events the "Night of the long knives" in a public speech on 13 July 1934 defending the actions (despite the violence taking place over several days). The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. The result was that it was made Hitler the undisputed leader of the Nazis and by extension Germany. [76], According to Albert Speer, "the Right, represented by the President, the Minister of Justice, and the generals, lined up behind Hitler the strong left wing of the party, represented chiefly by the SA, was eliminated. On the night of June 30, 1934, Rhm and many more leaders of the SA were shot by members of Heinrich Himmlers SS (Schutzstaffeln; German: Protective Echelon). Gring instructed police stations to burn "all documents concerning the action of the past two days". After this date, the SS lead by Heinrich Himmler was to become far more powerful in Nazi Germany. There were 4 main reasons why the Night of the Long Knives occurred: Ernst Rhm had become too powerful with 3 million SA loyal to him. "[35] Having heard nothing in the allotted time, they returned to Rhm's cell at 14:50 to find him standing, with his bare chest puffed out in a gesture of defiance. Other sets by this creator. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. Kurt von Schleicher's stepdaughter received 250 marks per month up to the age of 21, and the son of General von Bredow received a monthly allowance of 150 marks.[59]. During the years of the rise of the Nazi Party, the SA had been instrumental in helping the party to gain support. Night of the Long Knives, (June 30, 1934) Purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler. Because their plans for the army conflicted, Rhm's success could come only at Hitler's expense. Each resource gives suggested teaching strategies and are differentiated . Hitler's desire to consolidate his power and settle old scores, Desire of Ernst Rhm and the SA to continue "the National Socialist revolution" versus Hitler's need for relative social stability so that the economy could be refocused to rearmament and the German people acclimated to the need for expansion and war, Hitler's need to bring the Reichswehr under his control, Significant reduction in the regime's opposition, Strengthening of relationship between Hitler and the military. They understood the need to appear moderate and take over slowly by democratic means where possible, maintaining the stability and illusion of a democracy. Religion and The Bloody Chamber. She even compared him to Frederick the Great, the 18th-century king of Prussia.[2]. A poster from the March 1933 elections. Hitler did not exercise absolute power, however, despite his swift consolidation of political authority. Conservatives in the army, industry and politics placed Hitler under increasing pressure to reduce the influence of the SA and to move against Rhm. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Rhm. [68] Besides working for the rehabilitation of Schleicher and Bredow, Hammerstein and Mackensen sent a memo to Hindenburg on 18 July setting out in considerable detail the circumstances of the murders of the two generals and noted that Papen had barely escaped. President Hindenburg died at the age of 87 on 2 August 1934. The day after the Reichstag fire, the 28 February 1933, Hindenburg signed a decree giving Hitler emergency powers. [e] Over the next few months, during the so-called Gleichschaltung, Hitler dispensed with the need for the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic as a legislative body[f] and eliminated all rival political parties in Germany, so that by the middle of 1933 the country had become a one-party state under his direction and control. [75] Lutze did little to assert the SA's independence in the coming years, and the organization lost its power in Germany. You were murdered June 30-July 2, 1934, the Night of the Long Knives. On 30 April 1945, Hitler took his own life in his bunker underneath the Reich chancellery in Berlin. isabellaaellis. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. History portrays the infamous 'Night of the Long Knives' as a textbook political disaster, but as a BBC documentary shows on the 50th anniversary, it could have been so different. Refusing to take his own life, he was shot on 1 July 1934 by two SS guards. The leaders of the SA were ordered to attend a meeting at a hotel in Bad Wiesse, Bavaria. In the years preceding the purge, the term "long knives" had become a popular description of treachery in Germany and was used as a criticism of Nazi actions and deceitfulness. [35] Schneidhuber was executed later that day. [33] On 28 June Hitler went to Essen to attend the wedding celebration and reception of Josef Terboven; from there he called Rhm's adjutant at Bad Wiessee and ordered SA leaders to meet with him on 30 June at 11:00. [25] While Mussolini's criticism did not win Hitler over to acting against the SA, it helped push him in that direction.[25]. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet, one-third of the total. They were often given a free rein on their activities and were violent and difficult to control. The widows of the murdered SA leaders received between 1,000 and 1,600 marks a month, depending on the rank of the murdered person. On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, theReichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. In response to conservative pressure to constrain Rhm, Hitler left for Neudeck to meet with Hindenburg. A copy of the original film, before Rhm was edited out, was found in the 1980s in the German Democratic Republic's film archives. [45] Then, on 13 July 1934,[52] Hitler justified the purge in a nationally broadcast speech to the Reichstag: If anyone reproaches me and asks why I did not resort to the regular courts of justice, then all I can say is this. [45][41] As Himmler's adjutant Karl Wolff later explained, friendship and personal loyalty were not allowed to stand in the way: Among others, a charming fellow [named] Karl von Spreti, Rhm's personal adjutant. ", "After the 'Night of the Long Knives,' [Reich Minister for Justice Franz Grtner] nipped in the bud the attempts of some local state prosecutors to initiate proceedings against the killers. 1 Quoted in Richard J. Evans, The Third Reich in Power (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 37-38. coup To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it . 25 terms. [30] At Hitler's direction, Gring, Himmler, Heydrich, and Victor Lutze drew up lists of people in and outside the SA to be killed. They come in PDF and Powerpoint formats and can be amended and changed to suit. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Hitler shouted at Schneidhuber and accused him of treachery. Rhm was given the nickname "The Machine Gun King of Bavaria" in the early 1920s, since he was responsible for storing and issuing illegal machine guns to the Bavarian Freikorps units. [38], Although Hitler presented no evidence of a plot by Rhm to overthrow the regime, he nevertheless denounced the leadership of the SA. intensified [18], Finally, in early 1934, the growing rift between Rhm and Hitler over the role of the SA in the Nazi state led former chancellor General Kurt von Schleicher to start playing politics again. Over 150 people were murdered and hundreds more were arrested. [37] Sepp Dietrich received orders from Hitler for the Leibstandarte to form an "execution squad" and go to Stadelheim Prison where certain SA leaders were being held. In response, Hitler met Blomberg and the leadership of the SA and SS on 28 February 1934. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. Rhm was very critical of Hitler's policies of working with rich businessmen and the army. The army's support for the purge, however, would have far-reaching consequences for the institution. Hitler and Himmler unleashed the Gestapo against old enemies, as well. As such, the Nazis consolidation of power relied on maintaining the illusion of a stable democracy. Whilst Gleichschaltung aimed to reach every aspect of rule in Germany, this was not always possible. Despite this, on the whole, Gleichschaltung was largely successful. Many members of the SA, including its leader Ernst Rhm, were demanding that the Nazi party carry out its socialist agenda and that the SA take over the army. The SA and the SS had also been on a month long campaign of violence to scare or imprison other opponents to the party. A firefighter in the burnt out ruins of the Reichstag building. [68] Hammerstein, who was a close friend of Schleicher, had been much offended at Schleicher's funeral when the SS refused to allow him to attend the service and confiscated the wreaths that the mourners had brought. Blomberg, Hitler and Goebbels. Many of those killed in the purge were leaders of the SA, the best-known being Rhm himself, the SA's chief of staff and one of Hitler's longtime supporters and allies. The Night of the Long Knives L.O. [84], The Night of the Long Knives represented a triumph for Hitler, and a turning point for the German government. In his speech to the Reichstag on 13 July justifying his actions, Hitler denounced Schleicher for conspiring with Rhm to overthrow the government; Hitler alleged both were traitors working in the pay of France. [21], Demands for Hitler to constrain the SA strengthened. Reichswehr [38] Joseph Goebbels, who had been with Hitler at Bad Wiessee, set the final phase of the plan in motion. We were close personal friends; we often dined together in Berlin. [17] While Hitler did not take immediate action against Rhm for his intemperate outburst, it nonetheless deepened the rift between them. [31] On 27 June, Hitler moved to secure the army's cooperation. The Night of Long Knives was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from the 30 June 1934 to the 2 July 1934. [4] The violent confrontations between the two contributed to the destabilization of the Weimar Republic. Hitler announced that he would occupy this new role. With these measures in place, the Nazification of the judicial system was complete. The destiny of our country is at stake. They would later reopen it to liquidate the d ghetto. After Hitler and most of the army officers had left, however, Rhm declared that he would not take instructions from "the ridiculous corporal" a demeaning reference to Hitler. Civil Service In 1933, up to 200,000 people were seized and imprisoned by the SA and the SS. Rhm, however, wanted to eliminate the generalship of the Prussian aristocracy altogether, using the SA to become the core of a new German military. Hitler feared that the SA and Ernst Rhm, their leader, were a potential threat to his leadership. On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%. The 'Night of the Long Knives' is a name given to an internal purge within the National Socialist movement in mid-1934. Hitler remained indecisive and uncertain about just what precisely he wanted to do when he left for Venice to meet Benito Mussolini on 15 June. The army almost unanimously applauded the Night of the Long Knives, even though the generals Kurt von Schleicher and Ferdinand von Bredow were among the victims. Centuries of jurisprudence proscribing extrajudicial killings were swept aside. The Party had generally been aligned with the Social Democrats and Catholic Church during the rise of Nazism, being critical of Nazi ideology, but voting nonetheless for the Enabling Act of 1933 which granted Hitler dictatorial authority. Rhm demurred, telling them, "If I am to be killed, let Adolf do it himself. Now that the NSDAP had seized the reins of power in Germany, he said, it was time to consolidate its control. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Gestapo arrested and later executed Papen's close associate Edgar Jung, the author of Papen's Marburg speech, and disposed of his body by dumping it in a ditch. The Night of the Long Knives (in addition to Hindenburgs deatha few months later) helped Hitler and the Nazi Party to consolidate absolute power in Germany by removing their political opposition. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency. The Nazis immediately used the Enabling Law to remove civil rights. It targeted potential threats to Hitler's power, particularly within the NSDAP's fast-growing and politically vocal paramilitary wing, the Sturmabteilung or SA. Also in 1932, the Nazi critic Carl von Ossietzky would use the term to describe the then unrealised plans for a violent uprising: At the beginning of 1932 the Nazis seemed on the verge of a dictatorship, and the air was full of the stench of blood. SA violence in Prussia gravely concerned Gring. 9. Grtner also declared in cabinet that the measure did not in fact create any new law, but simply confirmed the existing law. One of the men Gring recruited to assist him was Willi Lehmann, a Gestapo official and NKVD spy. This continued when a young Dutchcommunist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Rhm. Ernst Rhm was murdered in the event known as the Rhm Putsch, or the Night of Long Knives. Night of the Long Knives: newspaper coverage, Third Reich: The Rhm affair and the Night of the Long Knives, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Night-of-the-Long-Knives, Spartacus Educational - Night of the Long Knives, History Learning Site - The Night of the Long Knives, Alpha History - The Night of the Long Knives, German soldiers swearing allegiance to Adolf Hitler. The SS found Breslau SA leader Edmund Heines in bed with an unidentified eighteen-year-old male SA senior troop leader. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. Terror and intimidation became one of the main ways that the Nazis sought to control or suppress their opposition, and Germans in general. [41], The regime did not limit itself to a purge of the SA. It's helped us to become more accustomed to acts of grim self-interested political butchery; but for those witnessing these events as they happened, they were simply unprecedented. Gring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. [25] Neurath's manoeuvre to put pressure on Hitler paid off, with Mussolini agreeing to the request (Neurath was a former ambassador to Italy, and knew Mussolini well). Gring alone had over a thousand people arrested. The crowd, which included party members and many SA members fortunate enough to escape arrest, shouted its approval. concentration camp The process primarily took place between 1933-1934. Until then, Lippert had been one of the few executioners of the purge to evade trial. [42] The Gestapo also murdered Erich Klausener, the leader of Catholic Action, and a close Papen associate. British cartoon by David Low, 1934 They salute with both hands, now! The strike, which will end just before midnight, comes after a High Court . The Nazis used the SA and the newly expanded SS to harass and imprison any potential opponents of the Nazi Party. However, following Hitler being elected chancellor, the SA, and particularly Rhm, were keen to continue the revolution and replace the traditional conservative elite with Nazis. : Why did Hitler order the massacre of hundreds of Nazis. Many of those that were harassed by the SA and the SS or imprisoned in camps were terrified to speak out about their ordeal fearing that they would be further abused or re-imprisoned. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event. Gleichschaltung was applied across every possible aspect of government policy. In Berlin, on Gring's personal orders, an armed SS unit stormed the Vice-Chancellery. "[46], Some SA members died saying "Heil Hitler" because they believed that an anti-Hitler SS plot had led to their execution. The Night of the Long Knives is regarded as an important political episode that had far-reaching consequences, not only in Nazi Germany but across the world. Corrections? [73] However, despite the rehabilitation of the two murdered officers, the Nazis continued in private to accuse Schleicher of high treason. The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote, an improvement of almost 10% on the previous Novembers election. [19] The British historian Sir John Wheeler-Bennett, who knew Schleicher and his circle well, wrote that Bredow displayed a "lack of discretion" that was "terrifying" as he went about showing the list of the proposed cabinet to anyone who was interested. [49] In 1957, the German authorities tried Lippert in Munich for Rhm's murder. Goering, Himmler, and Heydrich, Hitler's new head of internal security for the SS, got together and drew up a list of opponents to Hitler's new Government, while Goebbels publicly accused Ernst Rhm of planning a takeover or 'Putsch'. "It was plain that there was wide acceptance of the deliberately misleading propaganda put out by the regime. This included Vice-Chancellor Papen and those in his immediate circle. The Night of the Long Knives, in June 1934, saw the wiping out of the SA's leadership and others who had angered Hitler in the recent past in Nazi Germany. This photograph was taken the same day, showing the Reichstag still burning. [69], Hindenburg never responded to the memo, and it remains unclear whether he even saw it, as Otto Meiner, who decided that his future was aligned with the Nazis, may not have passed it along. Many of the prisoners were tortured and abused. Among the few exceptions were General Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord and Field Marshal August von Mackensen, who started a campaign to have Schleicher rehabilitated by Hitler. Chancellor Adolf Hitler, urged on by Hermann Gring and Heinrich Himmler, ordered a series of political extrajudicial executions intended to consolidate his power and alleviate the concerns of the German military about the role of Ernst Rhm and the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazis' paramilitary organization, known colloquially as "Brownshirts". In this photo, Rhm is talking to a group of SA men, who appear to be listening intently. Shortly after Hindenburgs death, Hitler announced that offices of the chancellor and the president were to be combined to create one position, the Fhrer and chancellor. Upon returning to Berlin, Goebbels telephoned Gring at 10:00 with the codeword Kolibri to let loose the execution squads on the rest of their unsuspecting victims. The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment. If passed, the law would establish the conditions needed for dictatorial rule. This event reputedly occurred during the fifth century Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, when Vortigern and the British leaders were invited to discuss peace and the Saxon leader Hengist commanded his men to draw their Seax (the infamous long knives) and massacre the unarmed Britons. Complete a Diamond 9 of the consequences of the Night of the Long Knives. The news of it was received with consternation and disgust in the other European capitals, but the shock was greatest in Rome. [32] Blomberg and General Walther von Reichenau, the army's liaison to the party, gave it to him by expelling Rhm from the German Officers' League. This resource hasn't been reviewed yet. Courtesy of The Wiener Holocaust Library Collections. [47], Rhm was held briefly at Stadelheim Prison[j] in Munich, while Hitler considered his future. Goebbels engineered the media coverage following the attack to present it as a preventative measure, in response to the SAs plan to overthrow the government. In a new pair Rally Coach this worksheet. Wilhelm Miklas, and recalled his minister from Vienna. The purge of the SA was kept secret until it was announced by Adolf Hitler on July 13. The Night of the Long Knives. As the SA were known for being violent and unruly, many saw this as a legitimate move by the government to ensure public order. By early 1934, this vision directly conflicted with Hitler's plan to consolidate power and expand the Reichswehr. The resources all include suggested teaching strategies, retrieval practice, differentiated materials and come in PowerPoint format if there is a wish to adapt and change. Both Himmler and Gring welcomed Hitler's decision, since both had much to gain by Rhm's downfall the independence of the SS for Himmler and the removal of a rival for the future command of the army for Gring. Precise details remain unknown, but the army is believed to have promised to support Hitler as head of state after Hindenburg's death in return for . Given that the purge claimed the lives of so many prominent Germans, it could hardly be kept secret. In August 1932 there were approximately 445,000 members of the SA. The tension between the SA and the Nazi leadership grew. [21] At the end of May, Brning and Schleicher, two former chancellors, received warnings from friends in the Reichswehr that their lives were in danger and they should leave Germany at once. By the end of May 1934, Hitler had been chancellor for 16 months and dictator for 14 (under the Enabling Act of March 24, 1933), but two obstacles to his absolute power remained. This also lead to the Oath Of Loyalty which was. 8. [66], Rumours about the Night of the Long Knives rapidly spread. Home Explore. [73] Hitler's speech was not reported in the German press, but the army was appeased by the speech. This essentially meant that the Nazis used the atmosphere of panic following the Reichstag Fireto put forward the Enabling Law. [21], As a means of isolating Rhm, on 20 April 1934, Gring transferred control of the Prussian political police (Gestapo) to Himmler, who, Gring believed, could be counted on to move against Rhm. This photograph shows the SA as they marched victoriously through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin the same day. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Lippert was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison.[50]. The Bill passed by 444 votes for to 94 against on the 24 March 1933. The next German minister there was Papen, with the mission of steering Austro-German relations into a friendly and normal channel again. Soon after arriving in Vienna, he told the U.S. minister, George S. Messersmith, that all of southeastern Europe, to the borders of Turkey, was Germanys natural hinterland and that achieving control of Austria was to be the first step in that direction. To make both of these impacts, Hitler had to overcome many hard . 89.93% voted in favour of Hitler. : Why did Hitler order the massacre of hundreds of Nazis. However, it did so under the guise of legality, and protecting the German people and their democracy. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. The Nazis had the support of the DNVP, and had banned the communist party, the KPD, from attending. Leading officers in the SS were shown falsified evidence on 24 June that Rhm planned to use the SA to launch a plot against the government (Rhm-Putsch). Give Hitler four years to rebuild it! The Nazis consolidation of power can be grouped into three main themes: pseudo-legality, terror and intimidation and pseudo-moderation. 4 terms. info)), or the Rhm purge (German: Rhm-Putsch), also called Operation Hummingbird (German: Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934. The Night of Long Knives, one of most noteworthy events during Hitler's rule, was a purge that occurred on the 30th June 1934. . Hitler had become a chancellor in 1933 henceforth he had the power to establish his power. Also known as the "brownshirts" or "stormtroopers," the SA became notorious for their street battles with the Communists. Also killed that night were hundreds of other perceived . On 1 July, at Hitler's behest, Theodor Eicke, Commandant of the Dachau concentration camp, and his SS adjutant Michael Lippert visited Rhm. [37] Meanwhile, the SS arrested the other SA leaders as they left their train for the planned meeting with Rhm and Hitler. Not content solely with the leadership of the SA, Rhm lobbied Hitler to appoint him Minister of Defence, a position held by the conservative General Werner von Blomberg. and Hitler ordered him, as one prominent historian described it, to put an end to "homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness, and high living" in the SA. Wiskemann, Elizabeth, "The Night of the Long Knives", This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 02:08. On the 2 May 1933 trade unions were banned. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. "A very calm and easy going mailman," the diarist Victor Klemperer wrote, "who is not at all National Socialist, said, 'Well, he simply sentenced them.'" Censorship was heightened, and any person publishing actively anti-Nazi material was threatened or imprisoned. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. On 11 April 1945, the US army liberated Buchenwald camp. [1] More than a thousand perceived opponents were arrested. It would become known in Welsh as "twyll y cyllyll hirion" (English: Deceit of the long knives) (first recorded around 1587) and in English as the "Treachery/Plot/Treason of the long knives" (recorded around 1604). "[74], Hitler named Viktor Lutze to replace Rhm as head of the SA. In reality, the laws that the Nazis put forward secured their future as the sole ruling party in Germany. At least 85 people died during the purge, although the final death toll may have been in the hundreds,[b][c][d] with high estimates running from 700 to 1,000. [41] Several leaders of the disbanded Catholic Centre Party were also murdered in the purge. The Centre Partys vote was crucial. Alleging that Rhm was plotting a putsch, Hitler ordered a massacre. The Night of the Long Knives was a turning point for the German government. Hitler announced to those present that the SA would act as an auxiliary to the Reichswehr, not the other way around. Its membership plummeted from 2.9 million in August 1934 to 1.2 million in April 1938. He was now a dictator. "A chancellor", he wrote, "sentences and shoots members of his own private army! A telegram purportedly from the ailing Hindenburg, Germany's highly revered military hero, expressed his "profoundly felt gratitude", and congratulated Hitler for "nipping treason in the bud",[61] although Hermann Gring later admitted during the Nuremberg trials that the telegram was never seen by Hindenburg, and was actually written by the Nazis. . Hitler's entire life was one of making key-life and death-strategic decisions, successfully. It was named Der Fhrer schtzt das Recht ("The Fhrer Upholds the Law"). [25] During the summit in Venice, Mussolini upbraided Hitler for tolerating the violence, hooliganism and homosexuality of the SA, which Mussolini stated were ruining Hitler's good reputation all over the world. [24] Before Hitler left, and at the request of Presidential State Secretary Otto Meiner, Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath ordered the German Ambassador to Italy Ulrich von Hassell without Hitler's knowledge to ask Mussolini to tell Hitler that the SA was blackening Germany's good name. And let it be known for all time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot. . The consolidation of power that had begun barely a month before with the purge of Rhm and the SA was complete.
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