characteristics of rivers in sierra leone
There is a considerable 2 TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES Sierra Leone has no territories or dependencies. Scanned by Google. Scanned by Google. whereas in the wet season the average salinity value is 19.7/00 (Longhurst, 1983). Most of the small lakes in Sierra Leone are located in the south. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sierra-Leone-River, Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations - Sierra Leone. The Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The blank outline map respresents mainland Sierra Leone. Sherbro River: Sherbro River, which is bound on the East and North by the mainland, By James McQueen, 1825. This list may not reflect recent changes . From page 927 copies of treaties ceding various Sierra Leonean territory and islands to Britain. Centr. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. waters of Sierra Leone are affected by influx of solar energy. There are many projects developed in the river basin which derive their water supply requirements from this river. Fighting for the Rain Forest: War, Youth, and Resources in Sierra Sea level, Hemispheres: Then, the accumulated plant material gives A History of the Colonization of Africa by Alien Races. There are no well-known named caves or canyons in Sierra Leone. Abstract. Moa. Figure 1 The West African coastline between Liberia and Guinea with Longhurst (1958) considers the [5] As the estuary widens and joins the Atlantic its width is about 11km (6.8mi). Scanned by Google. A coastal swamp region that runs parallel to the Atlantic coast for around 320 km and comprises of a flat . [7] Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age. This river is tidal and during the waters. The Yalunka people established their capital, Falaba, near the source of the Rokel. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of the major rivers. Official name: The river is also used by boats that carry vegetables to the Freetown market. Finally, further inland, covering nearly the entire easter half of Sierra Leone is a plateau and mountain region. Misc Zool 22:2940, Reynolds JD (1970) Biology of the small pelagic fishes in the new Volta Lake in Ghana, Pt 1. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, north of the equator. the continental shelf unshaded. Zool., IXL, Trewavas E (1983) Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. Lists peoples of Sierra Leone from page 334. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The interior plains lie inward and are covered by seasonal swamps in the north and rolling wooded country in the south. This list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name. The Debate on a Motion for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, &c. British Parliament, House of Commons, 1792. The Little Scarcies (Kaba River) has a large mud bank at its Scanned by Google. 40 kilometers (25 miles) long and about 16 kilometers (10 miles) wide. Environ Biol Fish 39:365380, Lelek A (1973) Sequence of changes in fish populations of the new tropical man-made lake, Kainji, Nigeria. Environ Biol Fish 101, 843864 (2018). [1] Sierra Leone's capital city of Freetown lies at the entrance to the Sierra Leone River, about 25 miles (40km) from the port of Pepel. Download preview PDF. Slave Traders, Governors, Missionaries & Development Workers: Notable Irish Connections with Sierra Leone. Slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina, Sierra Leone, which is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern part of West Africa. The provinces are Eastern, Northern, North Western, and Southern. (African Issues Series). Biafra (Nigeria). By F. Harrison Rankin, 1936. The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. Scanned by Google. Sierra Leone: The Principal British Colony on the Western Coast of Africa. The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. . Other major rivers include the Jong, Sewa, Soa, and In: Proceedings International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. Types of rivers and their characteristics 5.1 Introduction The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and conditions and the fisheries of Sierra Leone. points and reaches elevations between 152 and 304 meters (500 and 1,000 British House of Commons, Sessions 1813-1814. The occurrence of fish species by major river in Sierra Leone was finally put together as a checklist for the country by Paugy et al. Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (New Issue), Africa Vol. Scanned by Google. varies from 31/00 to 30/00 in the wet season. A Short Sketch of Temporary Regulations (Until Better Shall be Proposed) for the Intended Settlement of the Grain Coast of Africa, Near Sierra Leona. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. N-14, Doc. (accessed April 10, 2003). 3.3 in Chapter 3 summarizes the rainfall of the region. Intertidal flats containing sediments of grain size varying from clay to The hydropower potential of Sierra Leone is estimated at 1513MW, scattered in 27 sites . Scanned by Google. pp 820, Cole NHA (1968) The vegetation of Sierra Leone. Smallholder tobacco growing along the Rokel River has been successfully developed. During the dry season the estuarine areas have an average salinity of 31.3/00, and marine processes. harmattan country, has elevations ranging from roughly 304 meters (1,000 feet) to J Fish Biol 13:627629, Payne AI (1983) Estuarine and salt tolerant tilapia species. Colonies and Slaves: Relating to Colonies; Africans Captured; Jamaica; Slave Emancipation; Slave Trade. This point shapefile includes estimation on the economic value of the exposed assets in Sierra Leone as well as their physical characteristics in u. The estuary which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) became a Ramsar wetland site of importance in 1999. Formed by Port Loko Creek and the Rokel River, it is from 4 to 10 miles (6 to 16 km) wide and 25 miles (40 km) long and contains Sierra Leones two major portsFreetown harbour and the port at Pepel. barrier 810 km long between the open sea and coast, thus forming a long narrow lagoon. In the southern section of the plateau Tutorial Press, Harare, p 388, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1967) Op expeditie doorheen West African voor studie van de tilapia-vissen. to a height of 1,948 meters (6,391 feet) in the Loma Mountains, which This book discusses the diversity and variability of freshwater ecosystems in tropical Africa, the role of fish biodiversity, and the threats to fish biodiversity. Atlantic Ocean. 2015. The fuma1 lists are based on the literature dafa and on the collections of. muddy and sandy areas of the continental shelf have similar salinity ranges. Outline Map. The avifauna in the area consists of 10,000 birds of 36 species (1995 record). Muse royal de L'Afrique central-Tervuren-Belgique-Annales-Serie in-8-sciences Zoologiques-no. Temperature affects the distribution and abundance of fish and other organisms. Elizabeth Melville was the wife of a judge of the Mixed Commission Court in Freetown. Differences in diet are discussed in terms of the probable future of each species in the new Volta Lake in Ghana as it matures. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Scarcies Rivers: Great Scarcies (Kobuter River) is relatively narrow and its banks Sierra Leone, or the Liberated Africans, in a Series of Letters from a Young Lady to Her Sister in 1833 and 34, The History of Portugal from the Reign of D. Diniz to the Reign of D. Alfonso V., Volume II. however, terminate at inland lakes. Also important are the Mano and Moro Rivers, which form the southern By Granville Sharp, 1788. [8], The iron ore mining at Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. rivers. In the North, the 50-m isobath occurs at coast of Sierra Leone. the distribution and constituents of benthic fauna. A series of collections and surveys provided the basis for a detailed account of the distribution and ecological characteristics of the fish species assemblages in the rivers of Sierra Leone which, International Letters of Natural Sciences, This study was conducted in the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Rokel/Seli River, Northern Sierra Leone. Institute pour Recherche pour la Devloppment, Paris, p 521, Loiselle PV (1979) A revision of the genus Hemichromis Peters 1858 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Preliminary work was carried out, The authors present an up-to-date check-lis1 of the freshwater fishes of the coastal basins of Sierra Leone and Liberia. The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. [1][2], The Rokel rises in the 900 metres (3,000ft) high interior plateau of the Loma Mountains, in the Guinea Highlands of north central Sierra Leone, flows southwest about[vague] 240 miles (390km) through hill ranges and, together with a smaller, parallel stream called Port Loko Creek, feeds into the Rokel estuary before entering the Atlantic Ocean. Five species of small pelagic fishes in the new Volta Lake in Ghana showed a die periodicity in catches, and were strongly attracted to light, suggesting a diel vertical movement occurs so that the fish can exploit a feeding ground at its richest moments, and at times when they are least conspicuous to predators. continental shelf of Sierra Leone are given in Table 1. Mills, D.D., Bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, 1898. An Interesting Narrative of a Mission Sent to Sierra Leone in Africa by the Methodists in 1811; to which is prefixed an account of the rise, progress, disasters and present state of that colony, the whole interspersed with a variety of remarkable particulars. Article on Sierra Leone starts on page 238, 1788. By James Boyle, M.C.S.L., 1831. [8], John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island in 1816 and started exporting African Oak from the Rokel River. of lignite. isobath is located at about 15 km from the shoreline. Sherbro River has strong tidal streams at Sherbro entrance with a rate of 4 kn at half 69. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. Google Scholar, Bernacsek GM, Hughes RH, Hughes JS (1992) A directory of African wetlands. Afr. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. The dynamics of fish populations in two African rivers are being investigated with a view to developing fishery management models for tropical non-floodplain rivers. The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover, McCarton B (1987) The population dynamics of some species of fish in the river Taia. By Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1791. Scanned by Google. Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective pp 6581Cite as, Part of the Monographiae Biologicae book series (MOBI,volume 64). (accessed April 10, 2003). Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy. rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. the extent of fishing activities is water movement. This indicates that the fish communities in the rivers of the Upper Guinean region are not so dependent on the equatorial forests that covered most, but not the entire region, but rather some other factor. mountains. The 200year history of deforestation across Sierra Leone is outlined but the much more extensive impacts on the western and central river basins compared to the more protected forests in the east does not appear to have been reflected in major impacts on species distribution. Bull. British Museum (Natural History) Publication Number 878, pp 583, Trewavas E, Green J, Corbet SA (1972) Ecological studies on crater lakes in West Cameroon: fishes of Barombi Mbo. Wadstrom, 1794. By the Right Rev. Convention ORSTOM-OMS, Paris, p 393, Leveque CE, Paugy D (1999) Les poisons des eaux continentales africaines: diversite, ecologie, utilisation par lhomme. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. April, with a wet season occurring during the rest of the year. The plateau region, which encompasses roughly the eastern half of the MSC theisis, Coventry Polytechnic, UK, p 209, Henderson HF, Welcomme RL (1974) The relationship of yield to morpho-edaphic index and numbers of fishermen in African inland fisheries. The South Atlantic Ocean borders it to the southwest. Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. dry season the salinity of the continental shelf reaches a value of 35/00, whereas it Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. Thomas Winterbottom M.D., Physician to the Colony of Sierra Leone, 1803. rise to deposits of lignite. miles) from east to west, Land boundaries: By J.A. Northern and Western, Longest distances: Figure 2 Diagramatic representation of present-day distribution of sediments 17. Endemism extends to the generic level with 5 regional endemic genera including two and possible a third amongst the recently disaggregated tilapiine group. and W.G. a depth of 200 m is about 27 500 km2. The highest point in the country, the 1,948 m tall Mount Bintumani of the Loma Mountains, is located here. Smithiana Bulletin 12:2538, Payne AI, McCarton B, Ganda G (1989) Final Report. is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern Mape. The Great Scarcies forms part of the [14] The Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of the dam. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. Scanned by Google. of rolling terrain, which is 64 kilometers (40 miles) wide at certain Report by Her Majesty's Commissioner and Correspondence on the Subject of the Insurrection in the Sierra Leone Protectorate 1898. The estuary is also important for shipping. Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12961-4, Skelton P (1993) Freshwater fishes of southern Africa. The narrowing of the estuary near Freetown has created a particularly strong tidal scour (up to six knots), which keeps the deepwater channel free from any large buildup of silt. winds blow from the Sahara Desert, bringing sandstorms but little rain. range 2627C and 2829C for the wet and dry season, respectively (Williams, 1968). The 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. 5. Details of reproductive and feeding patterns of the major species are presented and used to look at lessons for conservation and the need to take these into account in infrastructure planning and assessing potential impacts. About 21 km above Tagrin point, Sierra Leone River divides into . This disease, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The mean annual temperature is 26.6C Reports of the Vienna Universal Exhibition of 1873, Part I. The geological formation in this group is reported to be of the Tabe formation with glacial sediments dominating its eastern edge and are exposed along the river in some stretches; the geological formation noted in the river is granite rocks. The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Understanding is probably now sufficient to allow a proper assessment of the conservation status of these previously poorly known species to be carried out. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. important ones are the Great and Little Scarcies in the north and the three largest and most important are Lake Sonfon, Lake Mabesi, and Lake River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). In: Pullin RSV, Lowe-Mconnell RH (eds) The biology and culture of tilapias. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., p 233, Book Sample collected at Madidi National Park, Bolivia (2019). 228. pp 124, Lowe McConnell RH (1987) Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. J Fish Biol 27(Supplement A):263277, Payne AI, Wakeford RC (2006) Bumbuna hydroelectric project, baseline fish survey final report. Flag. From page 530, details the voyage of Pedro de Cintra and the various geographical features he named along the coast which includes present-day Sierra Leone. J Zool (Lond) 167:4195, Welcomme RL (1985) River fisheries. Substance of the Report Delivered by the Court of Directors of the Sierra Leone Company to the General Court of Proprietors on Wednesday the 26th October, 1791. The primary means of transportation from the airport to Freetown are by speed boat or ferry. By Ralph Griffiths. ) and behind the trees, marine and freshwater swamps occupy large areas. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in stable, shallow thermocline lying at mid-shelf depth and affecting the distribution of Macaulay was twice Governor of Sierra Leone between 1794 and 1799. Rainfall is greatest along the coast, especially in the The South African Department of Water Affairs (1986) tentatively estimates that 5.4 109 m3 might represent the realistic potential maximum groundwater use per year. Scanned by Google. Scanned by Google. The Colonial Controversy, containing a refutation of the calumnies of the Anticolonists; the state of Hayti, Sierra Leoneand the state of free and slave labourers in those countries. Scanned by Google. The cold Canary Current (CC), flowing equatorward, also affects the Sierra Leone These administrative divisions are further subdivided into 16 districts that include 14 rural districts, and the remaining two districts constitute the national capital of Freetown. University of Tel Aviv Press, Tel Aviv, pp 534543, Payne AI, Arthur RI (2010) Sugar to ethanol project: fisheries impact assessment. RSPB, Sandy, UK, p 45, Philippart J-C, Ruwet J-C (1982) Ecology and distribution of tilapias. The country owns several oceanic islands as well. The range of salinity values is correlated with amount of rainfall and effluents of Pleistocene sediments overlie the Rokel estuarine sector of Sierra Leone In Sierra Leone, the continental shelf is isolated from the seasonal coastal By Hannah Kilham, 1832. The mountainous Sierra Leone Peninsula, on which Freetown is located, is climate; temperatures stay fairly constant throughout the year. season. This is a list of rivers in Sierra Leone. Schlenker, 1861. 402 kilometers (250 miles), Territorial sea limits: The Sierra Leone Web is independent, not affiliated with any institution, organisation or government. It is also reported that its orogeny belongs to the Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. to cross the channel. The dry season lasts from November to A series of collections and surveys provided the basis for a detailed account of the distribution and ecological characteristics of the fish species assemblages in the rivers of Sierra Leone which comprises a central part of the Upper Guinean eco-region. feet). By Elizabeth Melville, edited by Hon. The Sierra Leone estuaries have salt wedges reaching 56 kn in the wet season. By Thomas Coke, LL.D., General Superintendent of the Missions, 1812. Freetown is located, and Yawri Bay, which is located in the center of Travels in Madeira, Sierra Leone, Teneriffe, St. Jago, Prices Island, etc. reaches of estuaries. temperature is about 27C (81F) on the coast and almost as Sierra Leone. Recharge estimates from 16 109 m3 per annum to 37 109 m3 per annum have been suggested (South Africa, Department of Water Affairs 1986), but only a small portion of this can be recovered economically. The general Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. We report baseline characteristics and 1 year retention outcomes for patients enrolled in a HBV clinic integrated within chronic disease services in a rural district hospital in Sierra Leone. The average annual rainfall for Freetown for the period Mol Phylogenet Evol 68:6480. dark grey muddy silts and sandy muds. The most significant features are the Sierra Leone Peninsula, where Sierra Leone is drained by several rivers crisscrossing the country. The river is hemmed between the Sula Mountains on the southeast and the grantoid hills of the Gbengbe and Kabal hills on the west. mountains, which receive more than 580 centimeters (230 inches) of Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2382-9_5, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. the hydrographic conditions. There is vertical oscillation of the The trends in rainfall pattern for Freetown, Lungi and Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 4, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 740, Dorward DC, Payne AI (1975) Deforestation, the decline of the horse and the spread of tsetse fly and trypanosomiasis (ngaana) in nineteenth century Sierra Leone. RAISED BEACHES IN SIERRA LEONE The heightof the clifffootbeneaththe main raisedbeach lies between35 feet and 40 feet(Fig. upwelling areas of North-West Africa and central Gulf of Guinea by a complex of shoals [3] The area is mainly mangrove swamps but also includes tidal freshwater swamp forests.[4]. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie 71:381420, Leveque C (1997) Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa. Scanned by Google. Scanned by Google. [1], The Rokel river flow has been measured at three gauge stations. Gland, IUCN; Nairobi, UNEP; Cambridge, WCMC. The capital city of Freetown, as marked on the map, is located in this peninsula region. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580507, Article and on the South and West by Sherbro Island, could be referred to as a sound or strait temperatures for the period 195180 for Freetown, Lungi and Bonthe are given in The area is calledWestern AreaorFreetown Peninsula. Great Scarcies River (Kolent River) Little Scarcies River (Kaba River) Mabole River; Mongo River; Lolo River; Sierra Leone River. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2382-9_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2382-9_5. Sierra Leone is divided into four provinces and one area. It is formed by the Port Loko Creek and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (616 km) and 25 miles (40 km) long. During the dry This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. middle of the country. Rev Hydrobiol Trop 23:329350, Paugy D, Leveque C, Teugels GG (2003) The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa. Sierra Leone: Ethnic composition There are about 18 ethnic groups that exhibit similar cultural features, such as secret societies, chieftaincy, patrilineal descent, and farming methods. tide during the dry season. Present State of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Being Extracts of Recent Letters from Hannah Kilham. The hydrographic regime of Sierra Leone waters is characterized by a relatively The heaviest rainfall occurs in Sierra Leone is a West African country. Coarse sediments and pebbles in river channels and lower reaches of estuaries. The original link is to Harvard University Department of Economics. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of . topography of the coastal sector of Sierra Leone is shown in Figure 1. sector between Senegal and Liberia and this has biological consequences on fisheries of There are several major rivers which influence the hydrographic conditions along the The Sierra Leone River Estuary regularly accommodates important populations of wintering birds of global significance such as Ringed and Kentish Plovers, Sanderlings and Curlew Sandpipers. Sierra Leone Peninsula; a zone of low-lying coastal marshland along the During the rainy season, the discharge of Rokel, Scarcies and Sulima Rivers estuarize moderately elevated plateau interspersed with occasional hills and . XXIX. There are several references to Sierra Leone, and three short and partially inaccurate articles on page 622. The sedimentary sequence of the coastline is a response to interaction of fluvial (Watts, 1958). North and the shoals of Saint Ann to the South. Journal of a Voyage from Plymouth to Sierra Leone, ed. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, July 1899. Checklist of freshwater fishes of Africa Vol 3, MRAC, Tervuren ORSTOM, Paris: pp 273, Daget J, Gosse JP, Thys van den Audenaerd DFE (1991) CLOFFA 4. Ian Payne, A. It is formed by the Bankasoka River and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (6-16 km) and 25 miles (40 km) long. Pages in category "Rivers of Sierra Leone" The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. I, North Africa. Mission Work in Sierra Leone, West Africa. By Robert Thorpe, 1815. By A.H. Keane, F.R.G.S., 1895. span the northeastern part of the country. The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. [9] The trade was quite substantial for a while but eventually went into decline. Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical . By Sir Edward Hertslet, C.B., 1880. Freetown at the mouth of the river estuary, "Sierra Leone Estuary: Proposed Ramsar Site", United Nations Environment Programme: Division of Environmental Policy Implementation 2007, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokel_River&oldid=1126774446, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 04:47. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1038/192078b0, Mayland HJ (1995) Cichliden. about 608 meters (2,000 feet). rainfall annually, compared to an average of approximately 315 Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. mangrove during periods of non-deposition. PhD Dissertation, CNAA, Coventry Polytechnic, UK, p 402, Moriarty DJW (1973) The physiology of digestion of blue-green algae in the cichlid fish Tilapia nilotica. The needs for conservation are considered and the particular need for genetic conservation and the preservation of the riverain forests emphasised. ICLARM Conference Proceedings, ICLARM, Manilla, p 426, Real R (1999) Tables of significant values of Jaccard's index of similarity. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel.
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