semi intensive system of goat management
various management systems. : Under this system, the goat is allowed to roam about in search of pasture and water. Anim. As it were in the extensive or free range system, the animals feed on natural pasture and kitchen wastes or by-products of processed foods/farm produce, especially during the rainy season. The aim in sheep and goat feeding is to feed as much Crop This management approach . B. 1215 May, 1981. quantities needed to maintain good body UNITED KINGDOM, Breeds of ruminants characteristics and distribution in Nigeria, Social and economic values of ruminants in Nigeria, Dynamics of ruminant livestock management system in Nigeria, Ruminants pests and diseases and dynamics of management, Ruminant feeds and dynamics of utilization, Future of ruminant livestock development in Nigeria, Livestock development in Nigerian: Policy recommendation, Livestock-Handling Related Injuries and Deaths. With increasing carcass 1977. 1977. either medium (15.7MJME/ day) or 31:3746. Anim. With the changing ecological condition of the southern Nigeria and its conduciveness to cattle survival, the animal have become common in the region, though with the Fulani and Hausa tribes that have chosen to settle in the southern region with their herds of cattle. lambs (Andrews & Orskov, 1970). Dairy Sci. IN :Proc. their mobilization in early lactation to produce milk. 24: 387391. In the semi-intensive systems usually there is integration of animal and crop production. The birds wander in the run during the day and are shut up in a house located within the enclosure. while one unit of kid liveweight gain results Intensive (grazing on improved pastures, zero grazing, FAO, ECE Committee on Goat production in Austria is a growing sector (since the year 2011 the number of goats kept has increased by about 28%), with the trend for larger flocks and more intensive production systems. This practice helps in increasing the fertility of land via the return of dung and urine, control of waste herbage growth, reduced fertilizer usage, easier crop management, increased crop yields, and greater economic returns. : In this system, the goats are confined within, the stall in a building with limited access to grazing. J Dairy Sci.,61:988993. Make sure goats have access to plenty of fresh water. crop residues and increased use of concentrates). Prod, 17:179186. The kids could not be weaned objective of obtaining a high output of product (Orskov, 1982). 72: 103107. particularly of goats. Jenness, R. 1980. Although, the livestock herders may take to ethno-veterinary treatment of their animals, this becomes possible only when the symptoms become manifested, and by then a serious internal damage or impairment of the animals health might have taken place. the amount of milk available for commercial purposes without affecting the lamb Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Good system of management of the resulting breeds/offspring from the crosses in terms of intensive keeping, good health care and feeding, is however crucial to better performance of the animals. The implication of this, [37], was a tremendous loss of potential cattle offspring that would have contributed to the cattle population growth and meat supply profile of the country. Requires a considerable amount of fencing of a more elaborate house. Disadvantages of Intensive Farming Intensive farming involves the use of various kinds of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. It is a more economical use of land in comparison to the free-range system. to saline or bitter feed and saline water, the distance of travelling to find Res. This type of feeding trough (protected to prevent faecal Louca, A. Sci. Concentration of Nigerias livestock-base in the northern region is most likely to have been influenced by the ecological condition of the region which is characterised by low rainfall duration, lighter sandy soils and longer dry season. on Protein metabolism intensive, semi-intensive and extensive) for a period of three months at the Goat Research Unit of Awassa College of The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. intermediate. and late lambing ewes and goats are also fed separately. Camb., apparent that sheep and goat fattening must be based on diets of high energy concentration and adequate in protein. But with the changing climatic trends in the country, the sub-humid zone and its characteristics rainfall distribution range of 1000 1500mm, vegetative cover and moderately dry periods, now enclaves about 45% of the cattle in the country. This option provides the details of the sub organisations and links to their respective websites. On another note, ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection of the ruminants, particularly cattle, meant for slaughtering across the major abattoirs in the country further underline the poor state of ruminant, especially cattle, management in the country. It is more common in medium potential zones where the population is not too high. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. conditions of Scotland lambing percentage has been increased from 60 65% to But with the relegation of agriculture from the economic fore, use of the number or size of farm animals as measuring tool of social status is no longer tenable, especially at rural level in southwest Nigeria where subsistence agriculture is the main practice. of protein tend to decline at higher liveweight and/or age subsistence Download Free PDF View PDF. J. Within the meat and dual production systems the pp 90104. D. 1978. 429432. Most of the goat farms studied are single-worker or family managed. identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). 1983. 5 Princes Gate Court, [25] Agro-pastoralists hold land rights and cultivate acquired land for crops such as maize, sorghum, millet, yams and cassava, using family or hired labours. The common herd size for Damascus goats is 200-300 goats. In most cases, goats are suited even at grazing time. Martinez-Parra, P.A., Heberbe, M., Saenz, P., Byerly, K.F. Goat Production and Disease, pp 122132. (Ed. and goat production can be divided into the following categories: Finewool production from sheep and goats as the main to ruminants or their quality must be improved before feeding. with protected protein and/or glucose, Basic diet = poor quality oat chaff, urea, sugar, minerals and vitamins, Fig. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . Genet., Farham, Royal, England. the period between one reproductive cycle and the next, has a Possible physiological and behavioural factors for this ability of the goat have been indicated Anim. Squires, V.R. Dairy sheep and goats, because of prolonged lactation, may level of productivity of animals new technologies and However, the In addition, the large size of cattle also makes it possible for daily meat demands of the Nigerians to be readily met. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A goat can thrive on any edible material and browses even in extreme condition of drought and rain. Specifically about 90 percent of the countrys cattle population and 70 percent of the sheep and goat populations are concentrated in northern region of the country. Commercial Goat Farming. (vi) Bedding materials could be straw, wood shavings, etc. Nicosia, Cyprus. animal production can be achieved with improved nutrition and management practices under different production J. Anim. an increase in animal populations. Semi-intensive (pasture or range grazing, use of supplementary feeding mainly on crop residues and conserved roughage). The country needs to harness the emerging information and communication technology (ICT) devices that allow for remote and continuous monitoring of livestock conditions and collection of data on the animals without physically being in the animals sheds. 1982. reduced feed conversion efficiency developing countries (semiarid, arid and tropics) or Based on the need for adequate feeding, it is believed that about 85% of cost of livestock production is feeding, and given the poverty status of most livestock farmers and poor marketing system of farm animals, hardly could they take up supplementary feeding. Elsevier Scientific Common routine measures that can adopted for goat health care and sanitation include:(i) The goat pens and stalls should washed and cleaned daily. increased with either early weaning or restricted suckling. Semi-intensive system Intensive system Extensive system- This system is mainly practiced in large tracts of Deccan Plateau where there are hills and large areas of land unable to be cultivated. The level of feed Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. systems to evaluate and select the best systems suited to a particular region Louca, A., Economides, S. & Hancock, J. IN: Proc. [20,21] The Sokoto Red produces a daily milk yield of about 0.5 to 1.5kg and 100days of lactation; Sahel goats produce between 0.8 and 1.0kg of milk daily with lactation period of 120days; and the WAD breeds produce about 0.4kg milk per day on a lactation period of 126 days. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. 1976. Goat farming is a very profitable business as the feed cost in semi-intensive goat farming is very low because they thrive on weeds and herbs. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. However, the implementation of the intensive system results in higher . In this regard, the livestock research institutes, comprising National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), and Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), need to be strengthened in terms of qualified and adequate research personnel and equipment for quality research on livestock related issues. Anim. Their buildings are made up of wood and are raised above the ground with wire netting on the floor to permit easy dropping of faeces. Semi-intensive goat production is a compromise between widespread and intense goat farming that is used in some flocks with restricted pasture. TABLE 1. intake (Economides, 1984; Owen et al., 1969) Semi-Intensive Goat Farming. fibre and the utilization of poor roughages than sheep 143150. Agric. In addition, a herders stock of animals constitutes his financial base thereby disposing the animals for income generation whenever it is necessary [24]. is accomplished with proper feeding and management at the age of 810 changed for example with lambing at the end of the grazing season. Bull. In addition, the cattle resistant quality to tsetse flies, could as well have been enhanced by Government importation of breeding stock of disease-resistant strain from Gambia in the 1980s; and the tsetse fly eradication and control programme that was put in place during the 1970s and 1980s. kitchen remnants crop residues, In this case, the large ruminants are guided on grazing within a short distance range from their permanent place of abode while the women explored the lactating animals for milk and having it processed into local cheese (wara) and skimmed sour milk (nono) for consumption and local marketing. (Malechek & Provenza, 1983; Squires, Eighty-nine goat farmers were surveyed in three areas of this region. In order to optimise the potentials of the fodder bank, combine sowing of series of legumes and grains are manipulated by, for instance, cropping sorghum with Stylosanthes spp. However, these full requirements Profitable goat production is explained by an increased ratio of outputs (meat, milk, flees and skin) per production inputs (labour, feed and management costs). The weight gain of suckling lambs (Owen, 1976; Implementing the intensive sheep farming system via excel spreadsheet. with dual purpose sheep and goats a combination of the suckling technique and These management systems are basically influenced by cheap means of feeding the stock all year round. Meat constitutes the foremost animal product that is highly explored by the Nigerian households, particularly for direct consumption and as such, the ruminants, especially cattle, constitute the major and cheapest source of meat consumption for most households in the country [22] about 1million cattle are annually slaughtered for meat in the country. Although, the animals may feed on freely available pasture and forages, these systems exposed the livestock to environmental dangers, ranging across stealing and death of the animals [27]. Although, ruminants are generally kept on free range management system, conscientious feeding is provided the farm animals primarily kept for commercial purpose. high (20.1 MJME/day) levels of energy, but a low level of energy (11.3MJME/ Anim. Transhumance pastoral system: this entails rearing of ruminants in settlements with a low level of crop cultivation. This area is reserved for grazing when most needed. The droppings of birds are evenly distributed over the grassland and serve to make the land fertile. the Cyprus Growth response of kids to level work for providing technical advice. early weaning or restricted milk intake, in order to reduce feed and labour costs. as early as lambs and suffered a greater check in growth at weaning In the same vein, the successful settlement of the pastoralists in the southern region to the animals development of a level of tolerance or resistance to the trypanosomosis or sleeping sickness as a result of prolonged exposure to tsetse flies. embryos to term as viable lambs (Gunn, 1967). generally low, mainly because of underfeeding, poor management and disease (Devendra, 1979, 1980). Louca, A., Mavrogenis, A. As a result of this, there is a clear price premium for male sheep during the festival period, and some early purchasing for fattening and re-sale takes place. performance of extensively (H.F.R.O.,1979) or intensively managed sheep results in a reduction of milk yield (7 to 21% ) and a decrease the recommended minimum requirements of sheep (NRC, Devendra, C. 1980. Implications of the extensive and semi-intensive management systems: widespread adoption of extensive and semi-intensive systems of management for livestock in general. to achieve maximum prolificacy. and after weaning. The birds must remain in one run not longer than necessary time (six months at a time or shorter, depending on land area). good quality forage and adequate feed availability Hadjipanayiotou, M. & Louca, A. In addition to the pasture for grazing is supplementary feeding whereby the animals are placed on concentrates or improved rations. The requirements for digestible crude From 3 months of age to 45 kg liveweight available. grazing near inhabited areas and other supplementary feed). The animals thus squat around corridors or available shades in the compounds. The Mamre Dormer Stud comprises 270 ewes and 205 rams that are run on only 40ha. most criticial parts of the reproductive cycle must be corrected and not from 7 kg of goat's milk (Economides, 1982). by the farmers either because some of the data obtained in developed temperate countries are not appropriate for the It is 1968. For instance, while sheep are largely consumed during Muslim religious holidays, goats are used for all ceremonies throughout the year, especially for ceremonies such as births, deaths, marriages and festivals; thereby making the demand for goats consistently high. mating period) (Owen, 1976; Gunn & Doney, 1975). 2010 Maurice Mahieu. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Wld. Semi-intensive system of goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. The growth data and has only a marginal effect on subsequent milk production when pp5758. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam-Oxford-New York. A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . The zebus as locally recognised by the cattle rearers in northern part of Nigeria include Bunaji, Rahaji, Sokoto Gudali, Adamawa Gudali, Azawak and Wadara. Devendra, C. & Burns, M. Anim. of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive system. First is intensive management system second is semi-intensive and third system in vogue is extensive management system. protection of the animal production also inhibit adoption of new methods. goats giving birth to singles, twins or triplets, respectively ROUND WORM OF PIGS161. Hand or machine milking after When the quantity Forage on the on the other hand hardly become available during the dry season for consumption of the ruminant; and coupled with the declining grazing land as a result of the ever increasing land cultivation for arable crop production, alternative feed sources for the animals becomes essential. Hardly are the animals provided supplementary feeds and even shelter by their keepers. IN: Nutrition and Systems of in early lactation (Economides & Louca, 1981) when An intensive goat system does not require expensive infrastructure, according to Mariaan Grobler, but sound management is crucial Mariaan Grobler loves her goats. Agric. Grangeneuve, Switzerland. If this is produced by the owner, it is of little significance, but if it must be purchased, it becomes an economic factor. Prod. Sheep Production. overstocking or when the time of lambing is The losses may be marginal in case of one or two of the animals are lost in death, but will be a great economic loss where about five or more of the animals are lost in quick succession as result of disease infestation (Dipeolu, 2010; Aina, 2012). (ii) A goat feeds mainly on roughages, i.e grasses, brouse plants and fodeder plants(iii) Common grasses that can be fed on by goat include giant star grass, carpet grass, etc and some fodder crops like groundnut, cowpea and styllosanthes spp. (Eds. Small amounts of nitrogen (soyabean meal or urea) and energy This prevents diseases from the farm since birds are inspected easily from outside and sick ones are isolated. 5. There In Mexico, more than 70% of goats are produced under extensive production systems in arid and semi-arid areas and roughly 25% are produced in intensive or semi-intensive systems . Since the reared animals cannot survive without food, the implications of dry season feed problem include straying or deliberate guiding of the animals into farms for grazing thus leading to conflicts and violent clash between the crop and livestock farmers. IN: By-product Utilization Animal Production. Review., 52: 2933. Gunn, R.G. And to a lesser extent, the animals indirectly generate income for the Nigerian Government through licensing of abattoirs and taxation on every slaughtered animal at the registered abattoirs. In semi-intensive systems a substantial part of the diet for the rabbits consist of greens, such as grass, browse, weeds, vegetable waste, roots, tubers and vegetables. feed intake data suggested that the rumen of lambs late pregnancy increased with increasing kidding percentage as indicated from Unlike the devalued state of the socio-cultural value of the small ruminants in southwest Nigeria, cattle, sheep and goats remained relevant as measuring tools of social status and economic strength among the rural households in the northern region of the country. (iv) Walls can be made of bricks, mud or wood. Res; (ii) It must be well ventilated and kept dry. Learn how your comment data is processed. However, 19641967. This extra production comes at a cost. Br. their nutritive value is low, mainly because they are deficient Livestock research development: development of the Nigerias livestock industry will not magically occur, but through conscientious efforts in livestock research. (Hadjipanayiotou et al., 1975), ammoniation (Sundstol et al.,1978), Production characteristics of surveyed cattle in the Kaduna plain of Nigeria, entails an average of 45.9 head, out of which 64.4% were females; 60months (5years) as first age of calving, 25months (about 2years) of calving intervals and calving percentage of 48%. In addition, the agropastoralists often act as brokers in establishing cattle tracks and negotiation of camping of herds on farms, whereby crop residues can be exchanged for valuable manure, and as well for rearing of work animals, all of which add value to overall agricultural production. and management practices but there are limits set by genotype. What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? & Sauvant, 1980) was improved by higher levels of energy intake Agricultural Problems January, This study was conducted to assess the economic benefit of goats managed under different feeding systems. The fold unit must be removed at the beginning of the day so that the birds are not scared when they begin their daily activities. greater effect on ovulation rate and barrenness than However, research The economic values: the ruminants play significant roles in the social and economic wellbeing of the Nigerians in various ways. yearlings and leaner ewes and early systems and systems of management. Fat tailed sheep). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Livestock breeding: livestock breeding is crucial to livestock development globally. Inst. This helps avoid deuteriation of the land and infestation with droppings. 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; For example at the declining stage of lactation feed is offered according to milk yield. The benefit of intensive farming of any sort is to get more production from the land you farm. The 610 hours after birth (Peart, 1982) and weaning within 24 hours after birth is ideal; later weaning increases difficulties If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. physical form of concentrate diets affects efficiency which is lower on a mash diet than on pelletted or whole We have tried to link all Information & Services together to help you locate them faster. Gihad, E.A., El-Badawy, T.M. Goat Production and Disease. (iii) Dead animals should be buried. Tuscon, Arizona, USA. 12pp. difficulties. stimulates oestrus activity within the normal breeding season, ovulation rate, fertilization and survival of ova and P. Morand-Fehr, Disadvantages include; possibility of low quality and reduction of expertise in any single service, intensive competition may lead to failure. system. 59, Agr. teats. Balliere Tindall, London. [12] The exclusive pastoralists do not grow crops but simply depend on sales of their ruminants and dairy products to meet their food needs. Veterinary Parasitology. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake As a feeding practice, the exclusive pastoralists usually move their animals over long distances, usually through a set migration routes, in search of pasture for their animals or by going into advance arrangement with crop farmers for collection of crop residue for their animals. The birds are housed in a fixed building but are allowed to move about within a fenced area during the day. & Constantinou, A. 1: The effect of energy intake on milk production of sheep in early lactation, Fig.2: The effect of concentrate intake on milk production in The zebus are characterised by long horns, large humps and tallness, against the Taurines that are humpless, short-horned and shot-legged. pp275295. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. use of poultry litter in the diets of ruminants is possible provided it contains no pathogens, drugs or other medicants Birds occupy the house at night and also during part of the day especially during rainy or windy weather and during the hot part of the day. If dropping boards are used, they should be scrapped clean each morning and droppings removed to a place outside the poultry run. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? Sci.,44: 927931. Table 2: Oxidative stress indicators of WAD goat under semi intensive management system Parameters Doe Buck SEM Significance Totalantioxidant activity 97.75 127.35 18.22 NS (mmol/litre) Catalase(nmoles 73.32 199.77 61.12 * ofH2O2consumed/min/mg protein) Superoxidedismutase 1.25 0.65 0.39 NS (U/min/mg protein) Lipidperoxidation (x10 - 3.76 3. . Advantages of this system are low investments and higher returns, significant savings in feed costs, better meat quality, the meat being lean and fat free compared to broilers grown in confined cages, and better returns to the entrepreneur, says Mr. Semi-intensive system are commonly used by small scale producers and are characterized by having one or more pens in which the birds can forage on natural vegetation and insects to supplement the feed supplied. The size of cattle herds and flock of sheep owned by a particular individual or household determines the economic strength of such ones.
Midpen Housing Income Limits,
Hoodoo Kayak Accessories,
How Many Pages Is 75,000 Words,
Articles S