aristotle interlinear
On Fate. The result is that reason commands, appetite obeys. Constitution of the Athenians. On Trees, Library of History, Volume XI: Fragments of Books 21-32, Jewish Antiquities, Volume VII: Books 16-17. In a poem full of mythology, astrology, and magic, Nonnos relates the gods conquest of the East and also, sensually and explicitly, his amorous adventures. But we possess no substantial, life-like image of true Law and genuine Justice; a mere outline sketch is all that we enjoy. Comments and suggestions the instructor adds to his model speeches for fictitious court cases offer insight into Roman law and education. Herodotus or Aetion. 354 BCE) include Hiero, a dialogue on government; Agesilaus, in praise of that king; Constitution of Lacedaemon, on the Spartan system; Ways and Means, on the finances of Athens; and a manual of Horsemanship. His steadfastness, pungent argument, and control of language gained him early reputation as the best of Greek orators, and his works provide vivid pictures of contemporary life. Livius Andronicus, Naevius, and Caecilius were highly influential pioneers in the creation and development of Latin poetry, especially tragedy, comedy, historical drama, and epic, not only in the adaptation of Greek models but also in the inclusion of Roman allusions, subjects, and themes. Memorable Doings and Sayings, Volume II: Books 6-9, The Orator's Education, Volume V: Books 1112, Homeric Hymns. ], Bold numbers in brackets indicate the standard divisions in Ciceros texts in which are found in whole or part the sections reproduced here. Epinomis. Julian, Volume 2: Orations 68. Mimnermus. Deferrari, Roy J. Mair, A. W. In Fishing, Oppian of Cilicia, who flourished in the latter half of the second century CE, discusses fish and gives angling instructions. Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume IV: Oratory, Part 2, Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume V: Oratory, Part 3, Roman History, Volume V: Civil Wars, Books 34, Roman History, Volume VI: Civil Wars, Book 5. Epistles, The Learned Banqueters, Volume IV: Books 8-10.420e, Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-4. But to us Nature has assigned the roles of steadfastness, temperance, self-control, and considerateness of others; Nature also teaches us not to be careless in our behaviour towards our fellow-men. Sophron and Other Mime Fragments. BibleSoft.com Curtius narrates exciting experiences, develops his heros character, moralizes, and provides one of the five extant works that are evidence for Alexanders career. Prognostic. Roman Antiquities, Volume VII: Books 11-20, Library of History, Volume VII: Books 15.20-16.65, Library of History, Volume X: Books 19.66-20. Varro Pyrrhus and Gaius Marius, Lives, Volume X: Agis and Cleomenes. Regimen in Acute Diseases. The Apostolic Fathers, Volume II: Epistle of Barnabas. A lexicon of therapeutic agents is included. [158] And it is not true, as certain people maintain, that the bonds of union in human society were instituted in order to provide for the needs of daily life; for, they say, without the aid of others we could not secure for ourselves or supply to others the things that Nature requires; but if all that is essential to our wants and comfort were supplied by some magic wand, as in the stories, then every man of first-rate ability could drop all other responsibility and devote himself exclusively to learning and study. Cohoon, J. W. Pro Marcello. That We Ought Not to Borrow. Tibullus Declamations, Volume I: Controversiae, Books 1-6. The great Athenian philosopher Plato was born in 427 BCE and lived to be eighty. The Downward Journey or The Tyrant. The Lovers. I wish they had not destroyed Corinth; but I believe they had some special reason for what they didits convenient situation, probablyand feared that its very location might some day furnish a temptation to renew the war. Cratylus. Augustine Essays in Portraiture Defended. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy. Lives of Illustrious Men: Grammarians and Rhetoricians. On Odours. History of the Empire, Volume II: Books 5-8, Apollonius of Tyana, Volume III: Letters of Apollonius. Notable for the Attic purity and elegance of his Greek and for literary versatility, he is famous chiefly for the lively, cynical wit of the dialogues in which he satirizes human folly, superstition, and hypocrisy. Siliuss poem relies largely on Livys prose for facts. Co, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, On the Special Laws, Book 4. We should, therefore, adopt these principles and always be contributing something to the common weal. Tiberius. Plato The Rhetorica ad Herrenium was traditionally attributed to Cicero (10643 BCE), and reflects, as does Ciceros De Inventione, Hellenistic rhetorical teaching. Boethius Questions of oracles (3). Nicocles or the Cyprians. Beasts Are Rational. In Moral Essays, Seneca (c. 465 CE) expresses his Stoic philosophy on providence, steadfastness, anger, forgiveness, consolation, the happy life, leisure, tranquility, the brevity of life, and gift-giving. Statiuss Silvae, thirty-two occasional poems, were written probably between 89 and 96 CE. Laus Pisonis. Internal Affections. Deed of disownment. The Worse Attacks the Better. Now the humblest station and the poorest fortune are those of slaves; and they give us no bad rule who bid us treat our slaves as we should our employees: they must be required to work; they must be given their dues. Heroic epic of the eighth to the fifth century BCE includes poems about Hercules and Theseus, as well as the Theban Cycle and the Trojan Cycle. The Encheiridion. Physician. Again, every action ought to be free from undue haste or carelessness; neither ought we to do anything for which we cannot assign a reasonable motive; for in these words we have practically a definition of duty. History of the Wars, Volume III: Books 5-6.15. But of all forms of injustice, none is more flagrant than that of the hypocrite who, at the very moment when he is most false, makes it his business to appear virtuous. A wide variety of fascinating ethical, social, and legal details animate the fictional world conjured up by these oratorical exercises. Virgil (7019 BCE) was a poet of immense virtuosity and influence. Velleius Paterculus A common property of all creatures is also the reproductive instinct (the purpose of which is the propagation of the species) and also a certain amount of concern for their offspring. Columella (first century CE) included Cato and Varro among many sources for On Agriculture, but his personal experience was paramount. On Rewards and Punishments, Procopius The Letter to Octavian likely dates from the third or fourth century CE. In Books 5 and 6, he discusses plant breeding; diseases and other causes of death; and distinctive flavours and odours. Rusten, Jeffrey In his Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) describes the happy life intended for man by nature as one lived in accordance with virtue, and, in his Politics, he describes the role that politics and the political community must play in bringing about the virtuous life in the citizenry. If these errors are successfully avoided, all the labour and pains expended upon problems that are morally right and worth the solving will be fully rewarded. Kitharistes. Menexenus. A description of India, and of Nearchus voyage thence, was to be a supplement. Sandbach, F. H. : Harvard University Press. The Passing of Peregrinus. WebAristotle definition, Greek philosopher: pupil of Plato; tutor of Alexander the Great. The latter especially had a lasting influence on English writers of the Renaissance and succeeding centuries. 386 BCE) has been admired since antiquity for his wit, fantasy, language, and satire. Of a much larger number about thirty complete speeches by him survive. Web1908 eprez (from 1909 /ep, "upon" and epreia, "threatening, reviling abuse") properly, to intimidate by using threats and false accusations "tailor-made" to the situation, i.e. Of the twenty books (from the earliest times to 264 BCE) we have the first nine complete; most of 10 and 11; extracts; and an epitome of the whole. Walter Nicgorski. For he who, under the influence of anger or some other passion, wrongfully assaults another seems, as it were, to be laying violent hands upon a comrade; but he who does not prevent or oppose wrong, if he can, is just as guilty of wrong as if he deserted his parents or his friends or his country. Hermotimus or, Dialogues of the Dead. Not only must we show consideration for those whom we have conquered by force of arms but we must also ensure protection to those who lay down their arms and throw themselves upon the mercy of our generals, even though the battering-ram has hammered at their walls. Collard, Christopher WebBy Aristotle Written 350 B.C.E Translated by Benjamin Jowett. As examples of Greek oratory the speeches of Aeschines (390 or 389314 BCE) rank next to those of Demosthenes, and are important documents for the study of Athenian diplomacy and inner politics. Misoumenos. In the latter, Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. History of Rome, Volume IX: Books 3134. The work is richly informative about architecture of the sixth century CE. The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. On Drunkenness. Invitations (5). Thrasybulus. [, The Influence of the Scottish Enlightenment. Were the Athenians More Famous in War or in Wisdom? On Exercise with a Small Ball, Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume II: Ennius, Dramatic Fragments. [5] Moreover, the subject of this inquiry is the common property of all philosophers; for who would presume to call himself a philosopher, if he did not inculcate any lessons of duty? Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. On Envy and Hate. The other character is the one that is assigned to individuals in particular. Dentition. History of Rome, Volume XIII: Books 43-45, Against Symmachus 2. If, for example, Neptune, in the drama, had not carried out his promise to Theseus, Theseus would not have lost his son Hippolytus; for, as the story runs, of the three wishes that Neptune had promised to grant him the third was this: in a fit of anger he prayed for the death of Hippolytus, and the granting of this prayer plunged him into unspeakable grief. 112 CE), a polished social document of his times, include descriptions of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE and the earliest pagan accounts of Christians. This twelve volume set provides English translations of Aristotle's works which are based on the 1831 Greek text by Bekker. Breaths. Nutriment. Phoenix. The era of Old Comedy (c. 485c. Longus Erotic Essay. Precepts of Statecraft. Curculio. And so no other animal has a sense of beauty, loveliness, harmony in the visible world; and Nature and Reason, extending the analogy of this from the world of sense to the world of spirit, find that beauty, consistency, order are far more to be maintained in thought and deed, and the same Nature and Reason are careful to do nothing in an improper or unmanly fashion, and in every thought and deed to do or think nothing capriciously. Aristotle's Metaphysics, ed. Symposium. Also by him are an autobiographical Life and a treatise Against Apion. Most were found in rubbish heaps or remains of ancient houses or in tombs in Egypt. For he who, under the influence of anger or some other passion, wrongfully assaults another seems, as it were, to be laying violent hands upon a comrade; but he who does not prevent or oppose wrong, if he can, is just as guilty of wrong as if he deserted his parents or his friends or his country. Ciceros letters to friends span the period from 62 BCE, when his political career was at its peak, to 43 BCE, when he was put to death by the victorious Triumvirs. mid-second century BCE) and Bion (fl. The Gothic War. On Dreams. The Shepherd of Hermas. This material appears in his ethical writings, in a systematic treatise on the nature of the soul (De anima), and in a number of minor monographs on topics such as sense-perception, memory, sleep, and dreams. THAYER'S GREEK LEXICON, Electronic Database. Demosthenes (384322 BCE), orator at Athens, was a pleader in law courts who also became a champion of Athenian greatness and Greek resistance to Philip of Macedon. The Panegyricus is an expanded, published version of Plinys oration of thanks to the Emperor Trajan in 100 CE. De Witt, N. J. Library of History, Volume IV: Books 9-12.40, Library of History, Volume IX: Books 18-19.65, Roman Antiquities, Volume VI: Books 9.25-10, History of Rome, Volume VIII: Books 2830, Alciphron, Aelian, and Philostratus: The Letters. [54] For since the reproductive instinct is by Natures gift the common possession of all living creatures, the first bond of union is that between husband and wife; the next, that between parents and children; then we find one home, with everything in common. Hipponax. Philoctetes. Stramaglia, Antonio History of Rome, Volume XI: Books 3840. It is for this reason that our forefathers chose to understand one thing by the universal law and another by the civil law. Library of History, Volume I: Books 1-2.34. This Loeb edition replaces the original (191213) by Horace White. [11] First of all, Nature has endowed every species of living creature with the instinct of self-preservation, of avoiding what seems likely to cause injury to life or limb, and of procuring and providing everything needful for lifefood, shelter, and the like. The Tale of a Traveling-Bag. On Providence, Roman Antiquities, Volume IV: Books 6.49-7, Jewish Antiquities, Volume V: Books 12-13, History of Rome, Volume VII: Books 2627, History of Alexander, Volume I: Books 1-5. Jewish Antiquities, Volume VI: Books 14-15, Josephus On Interpretation. Truculentus. His correspondence offers an invaluable picture of aristocratic life and literary culture in the 2nd century. For it is only when they agree with Natures laws that we should give our approval to the movements not only of the body, but still more of the spirit. But the very essence of propriety is found in the division of virtue which is now under discussion (Temperance). Mirhady, David C. Although Problems is an accretion of multiple authorship over several centuries, it offers a fascinating technical view of Peripatetic method and thought. On the Cherubim. Longinus Glover, T. R. Reposianus Copyright 2002, 2003, 2006, 2011 by Biblesoft, Inc. All rights reserved. Included are Prognostic, Regimen in Acute Diseases, The Sacred Disease, The Art, Breaths, Law, Decorum, and Dentition. Eunapius [14] And it is no mean manifestation of Nature and Reason that man is the only animal that has a feeling for order, for propriety, for moderation in word and deed. Physiognomics. Vespasian. Livys history is a source for the De Prodigiis of Julius Obsequens (fourth century CE). Philostratus the Younger Haemorrhoids and Fistulas, Children of Heracles. From such papyri we get much information about administration and social and economic conditions in Egypt, and about native Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Byzantine law, as well as glimpses of ordinary life. But, thus guided in his decision, the good man will always perform his duty, promoting the general interests of human society on which I am so fond of dwelling. Promises are, therefore, not to be kept, if the keeping of them is to prove harmful to those to whom you have made them; and, if the fulfilment of a promise should do more harm to you than good to him to whom you have made it, it is no violation of moral duty to give the greater good precedence over the lesser good. Poems of the Appendix Vergiliana are traditionally, but in most cases probably wrongly, attributed to Virgil. Panegyrics on the Third and Fourth Consulships of Honorius. Catullus Tacitus (c. 55c. On the Virtues. Philopoemen and Flamininus, Lives, Volume XI: Aratus. WebPolitical theory of Aristotle. Dialogues of the Sea-Gods. Such obligations are annulled in most cases by the praetors edict in equity, in some cases by the laws. In this example he effectively teaches us all to bestow even upon a stranger what it costs us nothing to give. Menippus or The Descent into Hades. Their value as a source for the history of thought is especially that they represent development and formulation of former skeptic doctrines. Here, we asked Levitt a few questions about some of the unexpected things she discovered , About & Contact | Awards | Catalogs | Conferences | eBooks | Exam Copies | News | Order | Rights | Permissions | Search | Shopping Cart | Subjects & Series, Resources for: Authors | Booksellers & Librarians | Educators | Journalists, Harvard University Press offices are located at 79 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA & 8 Coldbath Square, London EC1R 5HL UK, 2023 President and Fellows of Harvard College | HUP Privacy Policy HU Additional EEA Privacy Disclosures, Sort by title, author, format, publication date, or price, how United Brands (now Chiquita) CEO Eli Black triedand tragically failedto put people over corporate profits, economic and cultural insecurity is contributing to disenchantment with democracy. Athenian Constitution. Innes, Doreen C. Phocion and Cato the Younger, Lives, Volume IX: Demetrius and Antony. [This selection from Book I picks up at a later point where Cicero is found emphasizing again the need for overcoming excessive attachment to ones self in order to understand well what is right, and here he presents the basic rule of not doing harm and serving always the common good.]. Starting with that infinite bond of union of the human race in general, the conception is now confined to a small and narrow circle. Medea. This list is Regimen in Acute Diseases. Besides much else, his work conveys the turmoil of his time, and the part he played in a period that saw the rise and fall of Julius Caesar in a tottering republic. His theme is the process by which Rome achieved her contemporary prosperity, and his method is to trace in individual books the story of each nations wars with Rome up through her own civil wars. Pliny the Elder (2379 CE) produced in his Natural History a vast compendium of Roman knowledge. [21] There is, however, no such thing as private ownership established by nature, but property becomes private either through long occupancy (as in the case of those who long ago settled in unoccupied territory) or through conquest (is in the case of those who took it in war) or by due process of law, bargain, or purchase, or by allotment. Testimonia. De Domo Sua. Scenes From History. Here is 1,400 years of human culture, all the texts that survive from one of the greatest civilizations human beings have ever builtand it can all fit in a bookcase or two. Personal letters from men and women, young and old (82). Tertullian In Lysistrata wives go on conjugal strike until their husbands end war. Enquiry into Plants and De Causis Plantarum by Theophrastus (c. 370c. Therefore, inasmuch as in each case some of those things which by nature had been common property became the property of individuals, each one should retain possession of that which has fallen to his lot; and if anyone appropriates to himself anything beyond that, he will be violating the laws of human society. Helmbold, W. C. Columella The first office of justice is to keep one man from doing harm to another, unless provoked by wrong; and the next is to lead men to use common possessions for the common interests, private property for their own. For every systematic development of any subject ought to begin with a definition, so that everyone may understand what the discussion is about. In 1314 CE, Emperor Augustus wrote an account of his public life, Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the best preserved copy of which was engraved on the walls of his temple at Ancyra (Ankara). Postgate, J. P. African War and Spanish War are detailed accounts clearly by officers who had shared in the campaigns. Manuwald, Gesine. Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? General Index. History of the Wars, Volume IV: Books 6.16-7.35. Greek Lyric, Volume V: The New School of Poetry and Anonymous Songs and Hymns. Cambridge, Mass. WebThe ancient Egyptians devised this picture writing in their predynastic period, with the earliest examples known found in an elite chamber in Abydos, Tomb U-J, which dates to around 3200 BCE. His writings were edited by his disciple Porphyry, who published them sometime between 301 and 305 CE in six sets of nine treatises each (Enneads), with a biography of his master in which he also explains his editorial principles. The Situations and Names of Winds. To proceed beyond the universal bond of our common humanity, there is the closer one of belonging to the same people, tribe, and tongue, by which men are very closely bound together; it is a still closer relation to be citizens of the same city-state; for fellow-citizens have much in commonforum, temples colonnades, streets, statutes, laws, courts, rights of suffrage, to say nothing of social and friendly circles and diverse business relations with many. Lucian (c. 120190 CE), apprentice sculptor then travelling rhetorician, settled in Athens and developed an original brand of satire. Among many fragments that also survive is a substantial portion of the satyr drama The Searchers. Against the Galilaeans. Pro Rege Deiotaro. And, in the pages of Buried History, G. H. R. Horsley, Professor of Classics at the University of New England in New South Wales, Australia, and a Loeb Classical Library translator, assessed the librarys achievements, innovations, and shifts in emphasis across its first hundred years. Christian prayers (2). Minor Works. [41] But let us remember that we must have regard for justice even towards the humblest. De Otio. The surviving work of Aeneas (fourth century BCE) is on defense against siege. Cosmetics. Artaxerxes. Lucretius lived ca. Topics included are the mathematics and metrology of the universe; world geography and ethnography; human anthropology and physiology; zoology; botany, agriculture, and horticulture; medicine; minerals, fine arts, and gemstones. Volume II of the nine-volume Loeb edition of Early Greek Philosophy presents preliminary chapters on ancient doxography, the cosmological and moral background, and includes the early Ionian thinkers Pherecydes, Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. E.M. Edghill's English translation (editor: Ross, Oxford Nature of the Child. Works such as those of the mime-writer Publilius Syrus, who flourished c. 45 BCE, and Rutilius Namatianus, who gave a graphic account of his voyage from Rome to Gaul in 416 CE, represent the wide variety of theme that lends interest to Latin poetry produced during a period of four and a half centuries. Cleitophon. A Professor of Public Speaking. Fragments, Critical Essays, Volume I: Ancient Orators. Declamations, Volume II: Controversiae, Books 7-10. The Rope, On the Confusion of Tongues. Prorrhetic 12. Prometheus. (Gothic War). WebSTRONGS NT 26: , (, , a purely Biblical and ecclesiastical word (for Wyttenbach, following Reiske's conjecture, long ago restored in place of , in Plutarch, sympos. Fairbanks, Arthur. The third type of question arises when that which seems to be expedient seems to conflict with that which is morally right; for when expediency seems to be pulling one way, while moral right seems to be calling back in the opposite direction, the result is that the mind is distracted in its inquiry and brings to it the irresolution that is born of deliberation. Colluthus Lysistrata. Epic and lyric poetry; tragedy and comedy; history, travel, philosophy, and oratory; the great medical writers and mathematicians; those Church fathers who made particular use of pagan culturein short, our entire classical heritage is represented here in convenient and well-printed pocket volumes in which an up-to-date text and accurate and literate English translation face each other page by page. Moralia, I: The Education of Children. Prudentius (born 348 CE) used allegory and classical Latin verse forms in service of Christianity. Heroicus. Women at the Thesmophoria. Aspis. Volume I of the nine-volume Loeb edition of Early Greek Philosophy presents the editors preface and introductory notes along with essential reference materials including abbreviations, bibliography, concordances, indexes, and glossary. Twenty-one discourses by Isocrates survive; these include political essays, treatises on education and on ethics, and speeches for legal cases. Law. Against Flaccus. The Historia Augusta is a biographical collection written by a single author under six pseudonyms that covers the lives of the Roman emperors from Hadrian (r. 117138) to Carinus (283285). In no other particular are we farther removed from the nature of beasts; for we admit that they may have courage (horses and lions, for example); but we do not admit that they have justice, equity, and goodness; for they are not endowed with reason or speech. Then follow the bonds between brothers and sisters, and next those of first and then of second cousins; and when they can no longer be sheltered under one roof, they go out into other homes, as into colonies. His Tractates examine the Trinity and incarnation in Aristotelian terms. De Tranquillitate Animi. Eight works or parts of works were ascribed to Manetho, a third century BCE Egyptian, all on history and religion and all apparently in Greek. Plots are based on myth, but themes reflect imperial Roman politics. [15] You see here, Marcus, my son, the very form and as it were the face of Moral Goodness; and if, as Plato says, it could be seen with the physical eye, it would awaken a marvellous love of wisdom. But all that is morally right rises from some one of four sources: it is concerned either (1) with the full perception and intelligent development of the true; or (2) with the conservation of organized society, with rendering to every man his due, and with the faithful discharge of obligations assumed; or (3) with the greatness and strength of a noble and invincible spirit; or (4) with the orderliness and moderation of everything that is said and done, wherein consist temperance and self-control. The Consonants at Law. Reply to Colotes in Defence of the Other Philosophers. Letters, Volume IV: Letters 249-368. Places in Man. New here is his exploration in 107 of the difference between the universal nature and particular nature with which each person is endowed.]. The first two of ten books have not survived and material is missing from books 5, 6, and 10. If we follow Nature as our guide, we shall never go astray, but we shall be pursuing that which is in its nature clear-sighted and penetrating (Wisdom), that which is adapted to promote and strengthen society (Justice), and that which is strong and courageous (Fortitude). WebAristotle, great Greek philosopher, researcher, reasoner, and writer, born at Stagirus in 384 BCE, was the son of Nicomachus, a physician, and Phaestis. Crosby, H. Lamar, Remains of Old Latin, Volume IV: Archaic Inscriptions. In the latter, Theophrastus turns to plant physiology. The Self-Tormentor. [In a series of passages below from the remainder of Book I Cicero eloquently restates some his basic principles and perspectives on a dutiful life. [99] We should, therefore, in our dealings with people show what I may almost call reverence toward all mennot only toward the men who are the best, but toward others as well. changes, storing new additions in a versioning system. Augustus. 354 BCE), is a historical romance on the education of the sixth century BCE Persian king Cyrus the Elder that reflects Xenophons ideas about rulers and government. [29] Now since we have set forth the two kinds of injustice and assigned the motives that lead to each, and since we have previously established the principles by which justice is constituted, we shall be in a position easily to decide what our duty on each occasion is, unless we are extremely self-centred; [30] for indeed it is not an easy matter to be really concerned with other peoples affairs; and yet in Terences play, we know, Chremes thinks that nothing that concerns man is foreign to him. Nevertheless, when things turn out for our own good or ill, we realize it more fully and feel it more deeply than when the same things happen to others and we see them only, as it were, in the far distance; and for this reason we judge their case differently from our own. Sophocles (497/6406 BCE), considered one of the worlds greatest poets, forged tragedy from the heroic excess of myth and legend. History of Animals, Volume III: Books 7-10, Ennead, I: Porphyry on the Life of Plotinus. On the Posterity and Exile of Cain. Pro Quinctio. Available to Individuals and Institutions: The Digital Loeb Classical Library (loebclassics.com) extends the founding mission of James Loeb with an interconnected, fully searchable, perpetually growing virtual library of all that is important in Greek and Latin literature. [35] The only excuse, therefore, for going to war is that we may live in peace unharmed; and when the victory is won, we should spare those who have not been blood-thirsty and barbarous in their warfare.
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