mennonites in zacatecas, mexico
This community has been dedicated 100% to farming in Campeche for 18 years, and its main sales in Mexico are in Chiapas and Yucatan. Antonio Herrera Bocardo, Letter to Joel Luevanos Ponce and Arturo Medrano Cabral, Comisin Agraria Mixta, April 24, 1979. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 56. In 1973, the neighboring ejido for that village, Nio Artillo, petitioned the federal SRA to include that land, which was near a water source. Intending to live there permanently, they also kept livestock. 1527. Archaeologists unearthed a rare sculpture of. All translations are the authors unless otherwise noted. La Honda Colony began in 1964 when the Nuevo Ideal Colony bought another tract of land, 17,000 hectares (42,000 acres), in Zacatecas, at only $16 (US) per hectare. Acuerdo sobre inafectabilidad agrcola, relativo al predio rstico denominado Lote 106 Fraccin A del predio La Campana, ubicado en el Municipio de Riva Palacio, Chih., Diario Oficial de la Federacin, March 26, 1984, 1213; Acuerdo sobre inafectabilidad agrcola, relativo al predio rstico denominado Lote 106 Fraccin B del predio La Campana, ubicado en el Municipio de Riva Palacio, Chih., Diario Oficial de la Nacin, January 2, 1984, 1920. 1994. Mennonites in Durango number reached a top of 8,000 in 2011, now they are 6,500; most of them live in Nuevo Ideal. August 13, 2021. SOME CONSERVATIVE COMMUNITIVES HAVE. Acuerdo sobre inafectabilidad agrcola, relativo al predio rstico denominado Lote 12 del predio La Campana, ubicado en el Municipio de Riva Palacio, Chih., Diario Oficial de la Nacin, January 2, 1984, 1516;Acuerdo sobre inafectabilidad agrcola, relativo al predio rstico denominado Lote 7 del predio La Campana, ubicado en el Municipio de Riva Palacio, Chih., Diario Oficial de la Nacin, January 2, 1984, 1415. Jason H. Dormady Mennonite Colonization in Mexico and the Pendulum of Modernization, 19202013,Mennonite Quarterly Review88, no. For more information, see Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrn, El pensar y el quehacer antropolgico en Mxico (Puebla, Mexico: Benemrita Universidad Autnoma de Puebla, 1994), 14445; and Carlos Zolla and Emiliano Zolla Mrquez, Los pueblos indgenas de Mxico: 100 preguntas, 2nd ed. They were able to negotiate a special immigration agreement with Mexican president lvaro Obregn (19201924) that accommodated their needs by granting them exception to multiple Mexican laws. The women speak Low German, which is a set of Germanic linguistic variety. ataques a familias, cosechas y semovientes amenazas de muerte. Over the course of the 1990s, Towell photographed 23 Mennonite communities at a time of great change and upheaval. Durango. Thousands have moved and settled in more secure Mexican states like Campeche, or moved to other South American countries like Argentina and Bolivia. It was named for Menno Simons, a Dutch priest who consolidated and institutionalized the work initiated by moderate Anabaptist leaders. The Rockefeller initiative partially funded this project and ensured Mexican farmers would produce profitable crops with high yields (Nick Cullather, The Hungry World: Americas Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013), 57. As a result, logging in lowland forest was suspended in an area of 759 hectares, as well as in 10 properties; five sawmills were closed, four tractors and three trailers were confiscated, and 299 charcoal ovens were permanently closed. His administration committed itself to policies that would appear to bring about the revolutionary promises of land in rural areas, especially for Indigenous people.41Peasants rightly understood this as an opportunity to continue to apply for new ejidos or to expand existing ones. In 1921, Mennonites from Canada acquired 225,000 acres (91,054 hectares) in two large blocks of land in Chihuahua, primarily from the Bustillos Hacienda, which belonged to Carlos Zuloagas heirs, and a smaller tract from David S. Russeks hacienda. The next day, soldiers stationed themselves in the place where the ejidatarios had been living. [16], Some Mennonites were, in fact, convicted of drug running in the 1990s. These factors have led Mennonites from northern Mexico to emigrate to other Mennonite settlements in Alberta, Canada, Belize and Paraguay to escape the violence. I liked them a lot because they seemed otherworldly and therefore completely vulnerable in a society in which they did not belong and for which they were not prepared. Bergen, La Batea, 73; Sawatzky, They Sought a Country, 180. The Mexican Mennonite community was the setting for the 2007 film Stellet Licht by acclaimed Mexican director Carlos Reygadas. Rndense! [Now, surrender!] A group of Sommerfelder Mennonites had bought most of the land in this area from Russeks hacienda.42They faced difficult initial years of settlement without water for wells, a problem compounded by stony soil that made it difficult to grow crops.43In 1946, the Ojo de la Yegua and Santa Rita colonies were established, bridging the distance between the Santa Clara colonies and the larger Mennonite settlements just south of them.44These colonies began to prosper in the 1960s and 1970s because the Mennonites had developed better well-drilling technology and improved irrigation systems.45, The neighboring La Paz and Namiquipaejidoswere attuned to the expanding Mennonite settlement and agricultural technology. Following a similar approach, some farmers, like Heinrich Klassen and Jacobo Wiebe Froesse, whose land had already been redistributed, applied for certificates to secure their remaining land against what they perceived could be further property loss.50They were particularly fearful of losing access to their water source, the Santa Clara river.51Another farmer, a Mr. Peters, made himself less vulnerable by deeding to his daughtersJustina Peters Boldt de Friessen and Sara Peters Boldt de Friessenland that could have been eligible for redistribution. In this system, landlords held most of the power in Mexicos rural areas because they owned most of the land. In response, soldiers were brought in to force the peasants to leave.56The situation worsened after Mennonites purchased land for a fourth village in 1963. Documentary on Old Colony Mennonites in Mexico and their culinary links to Ukraine. )66, The armed men took the peasants and their goods away. 2 (2018): 17980. 5.You may dispose of your property in any way you desire. By that time, counting on the revolutionary promises, the settlements had filed to have the land granted to themselves.16 In September 1921, Chihuahuas governor, Ignacio Enriquez, awarded provisional possession of 7,323 hectares of Zuloagass land to those who had made the petition. This would continue in the period beyond Alonsos study. What do they do? A rising TikTok star from a Mennonite community in Chihuahua, Mexico that once shunned rubber tires and electricity is now embracing technology to give a glimpse of her life through social media. The Mennonite community has its roots in Germany and the Netherlands and at the end of 1922, they arrived inSan Antonio de los Arenales, north of the city of Chihuahua. Moreover, the Mennonites had purchased more land than was necessary for their initial population. Thats all there was to it., Having befriended and gained the trust of one family, he was slowly introduced to others, sometimes taking his turn at the wheel as they travelled back and forth from Canada to Mexico. Portions of this article were reprinted by permission fromLiminal Sovereignty: Mennonites and Mormons in Mexican Cultureby Rebecca Janzen, the State University of New York Press, 2018, State University of New York, All Rights Reserved. Thousands attended the festivities, which began last. Mennonites in northern Mexico are descendants of German and Swiss immigrants. Mennonites were associated with prosperity while other farmers were not. A number of congregations of Conservative Mennonites have been established throughout Mexico including La Esperanza and Pedernales in Chihuahua, La Honda, Zacatecas, and more recently Oaxaca. Originating in Europe in the sixteenth century, the Mennonites are a Protestant religious sect, related to the Amish. This article examines a few of many examples of Mennonite migration contributing to a countrys existing colonization projectthat is, to a government seeking to create loyal subjects throughout its territory and to marginalize or displace existing populations in order to contribute to that countrys economic growth or capitalist expansion. The Mennonites were satisfied with this agreement and acquired land in the states of Chihuahua and Durango. I came across them right in my own back yard., Mennonites are a nonconformist Christian denomination dating back to the 16th century. berdem gab der Sprecher bekannt, dass er von 30 anfange wurde hinunter zu zahlen. In Coahuila, in 2015-2016 it was detected that 2,300 hectares were affected in 23 plots of 100 hectares each, by the change of land use in forest lands for agricultural activities and forage without authorization, due to the daily activities of the Mennonites. Starting with the first 3,000 mennonite colonists in 1922,[7] community's population grew exponentially and in just a 100 year it reached 100,000, or a growth of over 3000%. Forget about the Traffic Light entering Mexico. The factors that contributed to Tlatelolco were also in play in the state of Chihuahua in the 1960s. We would do well to learn from these examples and engage in reparations to counter our own participation in these systems and to right our relationships with our neighbors. For example, once the Mennonites had established their communities, free-ranging cattle repeatedly destroyed their crops. Gerardo N. Gonzlez Navarro,Derecho Agrario, 2nd ed. One Mennonite family remembers soldiers saying that they. The children, wide-eyed and tousle-haired, are dressed like their parents and grandparents in check shirts and weatherbeaten denim dungarees or long skirts and headscarves. Once the Mennonites realized this, they worked with local and federal officials to ensure that they would be the group retaining the maximum amount of land. As Crdenass government applied this code, seventeen million hectares (forty-two million acres) were distributed among eight hundred thousand people, and agricultural productivity increased throughout Mexico.31Thousands of people were now ejidatarios, with rights to cultivate land the ejidos understood to be theirs for the first time. All will be checked now! negligencia absoluta autoridades estatales . According to the 2012 estimates, there were 100,000 Mennonites living in Mexico[1] (including 32,167 baptized adult church members),[5] the vast majority of them, or about 90,000 are established in the state of Chihuahua,[2] 6,500 were living in Durango,[3] with the rest living in small colonies in the states of Campeche, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, San Luis Potos and Quintana Roo. In 1521, Hernan Corts occupied Zacatecas. [21] As of 2008, Salamanca had a population of 862.[22]. Within its philosophy of life, it works for the community and the fruits of this work must be distributed among all its members. 1992. Mennonites. Indeed, most conservative Old Colony people preferred to migrate to other countries rather than to assimilate, and some migrated to Canada seeking work when their crops did not perform well. The bill would still shorten the duration of mining concessions granted and be contingent on consults with local communities. Today more than ever we are proud to be Mennonites and proud to be Mexicans, the master of ceremonies said. It proposes that the Mennonites in Mexico, much like Mennonites in Canada, were able to continue their way of life as a peaceful agricultural people because Mexicos political and social structure favored them.2It shows that, in many cases, Mennonite settlement in Mexico adversely affected the surrounding populationeither Indigenous ormestizo(mixed race)contributing to their displacement and changing the peoples ways of life.3. Now We are Coming Home", "Durango (Nuevo Idel) Colony (Durango, Mexico)", "Mexico" at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, "Mennonite Sentenced in Cartel Drug Smuggling Case", "Menonitas, una comunidad atrapada en el Siglo XIX / Nacional", Mexican Farmers Exploring Tatarstan Agribusiness, Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, Protective Retreat: Mexico's Mennonites Consider a New Migration, "Data for "Pious Pioneers: The expansion of Mennonite colonies in Latin America"", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mennonites_in_Mexico&oldid=1148842639, This page was last edited on 8 April 2023, at 17:10. (We are peaceful own land form Mennonite colonies documents show that we are owners . Thus, it was not until the 1960s that the residents of the Nuevo Ideal colony in Durango and the increasingly connected Mennonite colonies in Chihuahua had grown enough that their residents needed more farm land.38. He expressed as much, and Elorduy reportedly responded by saying, Life is full of struggles.64 In spite of this, these Mennonites bought around sixteen thousand hectares in 1964. And then he called: Pero ya! . Marcela Enns IG 124shares Mennonites have been living in. Augusto Gmez Villanueva, Jefe Departamento de Asuntos Agrarios y Colonizacin, April 1973, Ejido Nio Artillero Collection, Archivo General Agrario, Mexico City. Moreover, anti-German sentiment was on the rise, putting pressure on these Mennonites to educate their children in public schools in English rather than private religious schools in German. Die Mennoniten aber waren dankbar, alles so friedlich verlief. Paul Gillingham and Benjamin T. Smiths edited collection,Dictablanda: Politics, Work, and Culture in Mexico, 19381968(Durham: Duke University Press, 2014), offers more information about the way the PRI maintained power in twentieth-century Mexico. A 2nd emigration wave from Canada to Mexico took place in the late 1940s when the Kleine Gemeine (small church) Mennonites, originally from Russia, settled in Mexico. March 31, 2022. Im 68 and I dont like running around much any more, but its in the blood, he tells me. del Estado,January 9, 1976, Ejido J. Santos Bauelos Collection, Archivo General Agrario, Mexico City. Peasants lived in a situation similar to debt peonage, of constant indebtedness and poverty. 1567. In addition to these places, Mennonites have moved to other places, including cities. Whereas the Mennonites believed this to be an occupation of land they had rightfully purchased, peasants had the opposite impression; when the J. Santos Bauelos ejido officially petitioned to expand their ejido in 1976, they claimed that the Mennonites were illegally occupyingtheirland.65. She had to get to know the women through life observation and old photographs. Once in Nuevo Ideal, it becomes central transit point where the main roads that communicate Northwest and Northeast Durango separate (the road going northwest to Santa Catarina de Tepehuanes is paved while the one going to Escobedo, Durango towards the northeast, is a dirt road). This code explained under which circumstances land from large landowners could be eligible for redistribution: the process would begin with a group of people coming together to file a petition asserting that they were farmers with no land and needed land to support themselves and their families. They were also promised a tax-free life in Mexico. He highlighted the communitys cleanliness and its economic contribution in terms of livestock, dairy production, and industrialized agriculture;69 he praised their education system, nutritious diet, and personal hygiene; and he pointed out that the Mennonites in La Honda saved their money in local banks in the towns of Rio Grande or Miguel Auza and that the colony paid federal and state taxes. The Mennonites arrived in Mexico, very close to the city of Chihuahua, in the 20th century and have preserved their culture as if they were outside of time and space. In one arresting image, a child holds aloft a puppy next to the bleeding carcass of a newly slaughtered pig. The ejidatarios acted in this way because they believed the land was theirs and that these actions would help their claim. (modern). The arrival of Mennonites in Mexico Their history in Sabinal dates back to 1992, when, guided by their religious leaders, they arrived in Chihuahua from Zacatecas, where there was no longer. Constitucin de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos,Diario Oficial de la Federacin, February 1, 1917, 2. . [citation needed] The villages followed Mennonite architectural styles existent in Russia and Canada and the names were based in some cases on former names in Germany but in most cases from German names of villages in Russia and Canada such as Rosenort, Steinbach and Schnwiese. The largest denomination as of 2006 is Old Colony Mennonite Church with 17,200 members, Kleingemeinde in Mexiko has 2,150 members, Sommerfelder Mennonitengemeinde has 2,043 members, Reinlnder-Gemeinde has 1,350 members, and Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference has 97 members[14], The community of Chihuahua separates themselves into "conservative" and "liberal", with the liberal faction accounting for 20% of the population. invasores dicen recibir ordenes central campesina independiente . Building stronger fences did not resolve the issue; the fences were cut time and again.19, In 1924, the government redistributed more land from the Zuloagas hacienda to the Mennonites and ordered the Zuloaga family to build a dam and reservoir so that the people living on newly redistributed land would have access to water.20The government also met the Mennonites expectations as it sent troops to protect them.21, The tract of land acquired by the Mennonites in the state of Durango also came with issues; at the same time that Mennonites were purchasing what would become the Nuevo Ideal Colony, nearby peasants were petitioning for ownership of it.22Tensions remained even after the Mennonites settled there. After being pushed out of Europe and Russia, they scattered to Northern Africa, U.S., Canada, Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico, and to Belize, etc. Schlielich 3, 2, und dann 1! There are also smaller groups in Durango, Campeche, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, San Luis Potos and Quintana Roo. These included ejidatarios near what are now the Santa Rita, Santa Clara, and Ojo de la Yegua Mennonite colonies. (had prepared themselves for something terrible and they said that this was nothing. Mexico News Daily - Property of Tavana LLC. The Mennonite Historial Atlas (Schroeder, William and Helmut T. Huebert, 1996) identifies the colonies in each of those six as follows. In the midst of this mutually convenient agreement with the federal government, however, Mennonites have experienced altercations with their neighbors over land use. The scarves the women are wearing are from Ukraine. La Batea, Zacatecas, Mexico. Thousands of people, including many undocumented. [15] It is also more common for this group to adopt Tarahumara and Mestizo children. [17] There have been fresh accusations more recently. For this reason, leaders during and after the revolution made provisions for a more just land-use system. Mexican people hoped this would mean they could own the land they had already been farming. Am ersten waren sie auf der Arenas Fence. I dont have an assignment and I dont have a plan, but well see what happens when I get there. One of Mexico's oft-forgotten groups, the Mennonites, closed celebrations for the 100th anniversary of their settling in Mexico on Sunday. (AP) The Mexican government said Thursday, August 12th, it has reached a preliminary agreement with Mennonites living in southern Mexico to stop cutting down low jungle to plant crops. Life today in Mexicos Mennonite communities remains largely conservative, but the use of automobiles has become the norm and Spanish and English are spoken alongside Plautdietsch, an old Germanic language. This period of widespread unrest, which had led to a massacre in Mexico City in 1968, also led to peasants in Northwestern Mexico to apply for new or expanded ejidos. Most of the men speak a little bit of Spanish and farm cotton, chili, sorghum, pumpkin and onions. The exceptions were an agreement, not a contract for colonization or immigration, and so depended on individual Mexican leaders for their enforcement. Many of the people he made portraits of had never been photographed before, a testament to the bond he built with them over time. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Mexico experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization. 37 (2017): 4550. Mennonite family in Cuauhtmoc, Chihuahua The ancestors of the Mennonites living in Mexico arrived via Canada. Nuevo Ideal's lies around 77 miles (124km) north of the city of Durango. Er gebot diesen Menschen zu verlassen und die Mennoniten hier jetzt weiter in Ruhe zu lassen. They were joined by 246 Old Colony settlers from Manitoba and Saskatchewan, but most of these settlers either soon returned to Canada or left the colony.[13]. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Nord_Colony,_Mexico&oldid=141245. Technologies of the Green Revolution expanded the amount of land cultivated in Mexico in low-tech, but not necessarily low-impact, ways (Christopher R. Boyer, A Land between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico [Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2014], 5). Also believing the land was rightfully theirs, the Mennonites appealed to the authorities. These conflicts overlapped with the beginning of a land redistribution program. 2 [2015]: 9096). Everyone was accepting to a degree, he says, but youre not part of their community, so mostly they leave you alone.. The economic achievements have attracted the attention of organized criminal gangs, putting Mennonites at risk of armed robbery, kidnap and extortion. Conservative dress and traditional roles for women were the norm. At first, they were on the Arenas Fence. [9][10][11] In 1927 some 7,000 Mennonites from Canada lived in Mexico. Mennonite girl sitting at a table. [18][19] In 2014, Abraham Friesen-Remple was one of six members of the Northern Mexico's Mennonite community who were indicted and accused of smuggling marijuana in the gas tanks of cars and inside farm equipment. Comparable development occurred in rural areas, in part due to the Green Revolution.36Mennonites, for their part, were able to deal with their many challenges in Mexicosuch as droughts and religious divisionswithout the added stress of what they perceived as interference from the government, or from conflict over land ownership.37But then, in the 1960s and 1970s, conflicts resurfaced as, in the 1920s, landowners sold Mennonites land that was already involved in the land reform process. Daniel Nugent observes that Mennonites paid ten times the going rate for land in Chihuahua, which pleased the Zuloagas.13H. Leonard Sawatzky adds that the seller was aware that groups of people, who had likely worked on the Bustillos hacienda prior to the Revolution, were living on land the Mennonites had just purchased.14, In 1920, before the Mennonites had migrated, eight differentagraristasettlementsa term Mennonites used for people they perceived as squatterssurrounded what would become the Manitoba and Swift Current Mennonite colonies in Chihuahua.15The agrarista settlements were still there when the Mennonites arrived a year later. Events at the celebration included history lectures, a parade, theater, music, a rodeo and business expos. As we saw in Santa Rita and in La Batea, conflict has often arisen over specific pieces of land that have access to water. This was a wise move on the part of the ejido, given that the newly installed federal government appeared to be committed to rural development and land redistribution. Antonio Herrera Bocardo described the Mennonites as taxpayers who contributed to the nations economy and as people who helped the nation by peacefully working, farming, and producing foodstuffs.68 A bureaucrat named Fernando Ruiz Castro, perhaps one who had seen the protest, also lauded the Mennonites. "Se van mil 500 menonitas por sequa e inseguridad", "Las migraciones menonitas al norte de Mxico entre 1922 y 1940", "A Century Ago, Our Families Left the Prairies and Moved to Mexico. La Batea Colony, Zacatecas, Mexico, 1999. They take care of the house and of their children. Canadian oats, beans and corn were the main produce. The Manitoba and Swift Current area groups settled the Manitoba and Swift Colonies in Chihuahua, while about 950 Mennonites from the Hague-Osler settlement in Saskatchewan settled on 35,000 acres (140km2) in Durango near Nuevo Ideal. Many Mennonites found these changes to be an unreasonable attack on their lifestyle. For more information, see Gonzlez Navarros Derecho agrario. [we are] small landowners offended the majority are born in national territory.)60. All images Larry Towell/Magnum Photos. La Honda, Zacatecas (Los Menonitas) JuanAldamaZac 1.3K subscribers 120K views 7 years ago Hace unos meses fui a la Honda, Zacatecas. The desert of northern Mexico seemed perfect for Mennonites when they arrived 26 years ago: a place where there was no electricity, television or cars. Manuel vila Camacho, president from 1940 to 1946, created the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). [15] These children grow up as any other Mennonite would, learning German in school and helping out in the community. Mennonites are found in many countries of the world but are concentrated most heavily in the United States and Canada. . During this same period, German, Polish, Chinese, Swedish, Italian, French, and British citizens also came in small groups, usually integrating into the community after a few . La Batea Colony, Zacatecas, Mexico, 1999. A community out of time: Larry Towells images of Mennonite families, featured on a Canadian postage stamp in 2015, by Larry Towell is published in May by Gost (60). In their early years of settlement in Mexico, Mennonites considered their neighbors to be of a uniform background and did not distinguish between Indigenous ormestizo. The Yucatan Times' content is protected by intellectual property rights, its re-publication, distribution, or retransmission is prohibited without the company's prior authorization. The Mennonites established farms, machine shops and motorized vehicles for transporting produce (although automobiles were forbidden for common use). A group of Mennonite leaders representing those who did not want to integrate with their surrounding communities began to look for a new place to live. Mennonites also experienced conflict with their neighbors in the state of Zacatecas. Between 1922 and 1925, some 3,200 members of the Reinlaender Gemeinde in Manitoba and 1,200 from the Swift Current area left Canada to settle in Northern Mexico on approximately 230,000 acres (930km2) of land in the Bustillos Valley near present-day Cuauhtmoc, Chihuahua. Evelyn Alarcn Quezada offers a case study about Mennonite agricultural practices in that state (in Anlisis del sistema agrario menonita, un enfoque desde la geografa sistmica, caso colonia la Honda, municipio de Miguel Auza, estado de Zacatecas [Lic. 3.You will be completely free to exercise your religious principles and to observe the regulations of your church, without being in any manner molested or restricted in any way. Young Mennonite women fleeing a cloud of dust. (Cuauhtmoc, Mexico: Comit Pro Archivo Histrico; Museo Menonita, 1998), 299. Approximately 6,000 of the most conservative Mennonites eventually left Manitoba and Saskatchewan for Mexico. They finally settled in a tract of land in Northern Mexico after negotiating certain privileges with Mexican President lvaro Obregn. Calvin Wall Redekop,The Old Colony Mennonites: Dilemmas of Ethnic Minority Life(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), 251. March 31, 2022 Marcela Enns, a descendant of Mennonite migrants from Canada, has accounts on TikTok, YouTube, Facebook and Instagram. Cornelius Krahn and Helen Ens, Nord Colony, Mexico, Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online, 1989, rev. Mexico is comprised of 31 states, in which Mennonite colonies can be found in six. By the time I was done, they had nearly all adapted to some degree. All rights reserved. Even though these Mennonites are Dutch and Prussian by ancestry, language and custom, they are generally called Russian Mennonites, Russland-Mennoniten in German.