lianhua qingwen contraindication
Otherwise, the fixed-effects model was used (DerSimonian and Laird, 1986; Higgins et al., 2003). *Correspondence: Guoliang Zhang, zhangguoliang61@sina.com, These authors have contributed equally to this work, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.764774, World Health Organization Adverse Drug Reaction Terminology (2009), https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.764774/full#supplementary-material, http://m.news.cctv.com/2020/03/17/ARTIEYQ2aws8fPYWQxjnynzo200317.shtml?from=singlemessage, https://mpns.science.kew.org/mpns-portal/, https://chemrxiv.org/engage/chemrxiv/article-details/60c74908ee301c485bc799cf, http://www.yiling.cn/contents/75/132.html. Ding Y., Zeng L., Li R., Chen Q., Zhou B., Chen Q., Cheng P.L., Yutao W., Zheng J., Yang Z., Zhang F. The Chinese prescription Lianhua Qingwen capsule exerts anti-influenza activity through the inhibition of viral propagation and impacts immune function. Additionally, LHQW group also had shorter time to recovery of fever, fatigue and coughing, and higher improvement rate in chest computed tomographic manifestations and clinical cure [43]. [20], In Australia, the Therapeutic Goods Administration has not given approval to Lianhua Qingwen, as it contains ephedra, a key ingredient used to make the drug methamphetamine. Seven of the studies showed that adverse reactions improved or healed spontaneously without any treatment, five reported that adverse reactions healed spontaneously after discontinuation of medication, eight showed that adverse reactions improved or healed with medication after meals and ten showed that adverse reactions improved or recovered after symptomatic treatment, while in the remaining eight studies, adverse reactions were not disposed or treated. Sci.). Results were reported as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Introduction As the global epidemic continues to spread, countries have tapped effective drugs to treat new coronavirus pneumonia. Trials. (2015). doi:10.1142/S0192415X20500378. Pharmacol. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhua Qingwen Granule Combined with Oseltamivir in the Treatment of Influenza Virus Infection in Children. Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D. G.PRISMA Group (2009). Further evaluation revealed that LHQW significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero E6 cells, markedly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, CCL-2/MCP-1 and CXCL-10/IP-10) production and resulted in abnormal particle morphology of virion in cells [30]. CONTRAINDICATIONS Uncertainty. [4][10], In March 2022, during the Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak, the medication was distributed en masse to residents. Lianhua Qingwen has antiviral, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Heterogeneity was evaluated using I2 statistic. Nevertheless, none of the in vivo studies are directly focused on Corona virus or COVID-19. Given the small number of documents included and the low quality, the efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules shall be confirmed by more high-quality clinical studies. Retrospective clinical analysis on treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 with traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen. Efficacy and safety of Lianhuaqingwen capsules, a repurposed Chinese herb, in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. J. Ethnopharmacol. Dr. Tan says that LianHua QingWen is not advisable for COVID patients who are experiencing a chilling sensation due to the infection. For rheum, sample size could partially explain heterogeneity (p = 0.005), but not year of publication (p = 0.658) and treatment of the control group (p = 0.712). 'medicine using forsythia suspensa and lonicera japonica to clear illness',[1] LHQW) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation used for the treatment of influenza. Efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen capsule for influenza: a systematic review. 2019ZYC-A85), and the Scientific Research Projects of Hospital Pharmacy of Zhejiang Pharmaceutical Association (No. However, since subgroup and sensitivity analyses did not explore the source of heterogeneity, we utilized meta-regression to determine the potential underlying factors. Yang C., Wang Y., He J., Yan W., Jiang H., Chen Q., Li L., Yang Z. Lianhua-Qingwen displays antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity and synergistic effects with oseltamivir against influenza B virus infection in the mouse model. 2017ZYY07). Further long-term high-quality studies are essential to validate our conclusions. LHQW was initially approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) in 2004 and represents the first traditional Chinese medicine that passed the rapid drug approval channel of CFDA for treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In addition, it can also interact with other compounds and herbs. The outcome measures included the alleviation of fever and other symptoms including nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, aches and pains, fatigue, headache, chills or sweats in subjects with acute uncomplicated influenza. Before Though no specific drug has been developed so far, emerging agents have been confirmed effective or potentially beneficial to restrain it. The discovery of potential effective drugs on the market becomes one of the principal means to develop antiviral drugs for COVID-19. The documents were filtered and summarized for final evaluation. A multi-center, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase II clinical study, sponsored by Yiling Pharmaceutical Inc., was conducted to investigate the safety and efficacy of two doses of LHQW capsule compared to placebo in subjects with acute uncomplicated influenza in the U.S.A (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02867358","term_id":"NCT02867358"}}NCT02867358). Our findings support the adverse reactions recorded by Yiling Pharmaceutical, and compare the incidence risk of gastrointestinal system damage and rash with the control group. However, no statistical difference was detected with regard to rash (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.211.67) and dizziness (RR = 1.79, 95% CI = 0.339.74). Firstly, to our knowledge, this meta-analysis provides the most comprehensive evaluation of the clinical safety of LHQW. Available at: https://mpns.science.kew.org/mpns-portal/(Accessed December 19, 2021). Multiple clinical observations of Lianhua Qingwen combined with conventional treatment can increase the disappearance rate of major symptoms of NCP (fever, cough, fatigue) and other symptoms (chest tightness, dyspnea, and loss of appetite), and reduce the proportion of severe symptoms. Figure 1 provides a detailed flowchart of the screening process. Lianhua Qingwen(Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom. Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response of the body to external stimuli such as viruses, which will stimulate the secretion of a large number of inflammatory factors and lead to cytokine cascade reaction [4,6]. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the . Alternat Med. It is urgent to develop effective drugs to contain and treat COVID-19. This review provides comprehensive evidence of LHQW as a complementary strategy for treating COVID-19. Chin. The risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for categorical variables. National Library of Medicine LHQW has a reduced incidence of other adverse reactions compared to the conventional drug group (RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.430.84, p = 0.003). Eval. Received 2020 Jul 3; Revised 2020 Aug 9; Accepted 2020 Aug 16. An outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) which was infected by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still spreading and has led to unprecedented health emergency over the world. (2020). The most common adverse reactions in our analysis were gastrointestinal system damage, skin and its appendage damage. (10), 100. 228 (2), 8390. (Lianqiao), Lonicera japonica Thunb. Clinical effectiveness and case analysis in 54 NCP patients treated with Lanhuaqingwen granules. China Central Television News (2020). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of abnormal white blood cells and reticuloendothelial system between the LHQW group and the conventional drug group (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.382.62, p = 1.000). Effect of lianhuaqingwen capsules on airway inflammation in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.764774/full#supplementary-material, Ahsan, W., Javed, S., Bratty, M. A., Alhazmi, H. A., and Najmi, A. Other related clinical studies also revealed that LHQW significantly improved the symptoms in COVID-19 patients and reduced the duration of fever, fatigue and cough and so forth, which provide preliminary research evidence for clinical treatment of COVID-19 [45,46]. Med. Available at: http://www.yiling.cn/contents/75/132.html (Accessed September 14, 2021). As COVID-19 has led to serious death and lacks treatment strategies, the potential therapeutic drugs are increasingly being explored. Runfeng L., Yunlong H., Jicheng H., Weiqi P., Qinhai M., Yongxia S., Chufang L., Jin Z., Zhenhua J., Haiming J. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). [16][17] A Filipino TCM physician interviewed by ABS-CBN clarified that although the medicine can be used for symptomatic treatment of flu-like symptoms in COVID-19 patients, it is not an antibiotic nor anti-viral, and cannot cure the disease itself. (Nat. Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020). Clin. Based Complement. Theoretical Study of the Anti-ncp Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Lianhua-Qingwen Formula (Lqf). "It's the first time in the world that we have enough evidence to prove Lianhua Qingwen capsule is effective and can help . In another prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial in confirmed COVID-19 cases, Hu et al. Med. Efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen Compared With Conventional Drugs in the Treatment of Common Pneumonia and Covid-19 Pneumonia: a Meta-Analysis. LHQW also decreased the influenza viral titers in the lungs of mice, with decreased inflammatory cytokine levels in the early stages of infection [24]. Fujian J. Role of LHQW in the treatment of COVID-19. Subgroup analysis was performed based on adverse reactions and sensitivity analysis implemented to investigate the influence of each study on the overall evaluation by excluding studies in turn. The mechanisms were mainly involved the antiviral activity, and regulation of inflammation response as well as immune function. 38 studies reported dispose or outcomes of adverse reactions. (japanese honeysuckle) flower 27.41 mg, gypsu . doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2, Duval, S., and Tweedie, R. (2000). Zhu N., Zhang D., Wang W., Li X., Yang B., Song J., Zhao X., Huang B., Shi W., Lu R., Niu P., Zhan F., Ma X., Wang D. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. 28 (1), 1332. Since the adverse reactions of LHQW are relatively minor, these functional changes can be recovered. No statistical difference was detected for sleepy. The group reported significantly lower incidence of adverse reactions (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.460.82) and lower incidence of gastrointestinal system damage in the LHQW group (RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.460.92) relative to the control group. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Drug-Use Hospitals China. Mechanism by which ma-xing-shi-gan-tang inhibits the entry of influenza virus. Yao K.T., Liu M.Y., Li X., Huang J.H., Cai H.B. Nevertheless, there are also potential limitations that need to be improved for future challenges. Few reports of adverse reactions in the course of treating COVID-19 pneumonia with LHQW are available. 17 studies focused on the treatment of Influenza A (H1N1), 12 of which reported adverse reactions. Subgroup analysis further showed the incidence of disease recurrence was lower in the LHQW group than the conventional drug group (RR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.170.65, p = 0.001), no statistical difference was detected for secondary infection. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. Formulae. The .gov means its official. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-2809.2020.13.020, Liu, C. Y., Li, X. Q., and Cai, S. Q. Biometrics. Therefore, further attention should be paid to the occurrence of adverse reaction with LHQW among different age groups in the future. Chin. Nervous system damage was described as an adverse event in 34 studies. MANILA, Philippines The Makati Medical Center's therapeutics and medication safety committee (TMSC) has said that the Chinese drug, Lianhua Qingwen (LQ), should not be taken without a doctor's prescription to ease new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms, warning that it may do more harm than good. Our meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement (Moher et al., 2009), and registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020224180). Meanwhile, the median effective concentrations (EC50) in above-mentioned effects were 0.042, 0.031, 0.051 and 0.050mg/mL, respectively, while the prevention effect on virus adsorption was the strongest [25]. Batlle D., Wysocki J., Satchell K. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy? Flow chart of the search and selection process. The documents were filtered and summarized for final evaluation. As adverse reactions in COVID-19 pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment were only reported for a limited number of studies, no sensitivity analysis for these diseases was conducted. N. Engl. Medicine (Baltimore). Adverse reaction may include symptoms, abnormal laboratory tests or sign or a cluster of atypical signs (Hallas et al., 1990), it was classified refer to the World Health Organization Adverse Drug Reaction Terminology (2009), for those that could not be identified as other adverse reactions. Disagreements were resolved by discussion among all reviewers. Efficacy of Lianhuaqingwen capsule compared with oseltamivir for influenza A virus infection: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Most patients infected with the coronavirus are showing mild symptoms, taking Lianhua Qingwen Capsule as early as possible, the effect will be obvious, It [sic] can recover 91.5% of mild cases and . Lianhua Qingwen Capsules of Yiling Pharmaceutical Approved in mauritius. This review will elucidate the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of LHQW in lung protection and antiviral activities, and provide timely data delivery for the exploration of effective treatment strategies in the therapy of COVID-19. Lianhua Qingwen combined with conventional treatment obviously improved COVID-19. It may benefit the treatment of COVID-19 by the signaling pathways such as advanced glycation end products (AGE)-receptor of AGE (RAGE), TNF, sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection, IL-17 and human cytomegalovirus infection [41]. J. Intern. In this analysis, the incidence of adverse reactions during treatment of influenza was lower in the LHQW group compared to the conventional drug group (RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.630.87, p < 0.001). (2021) investigated the efficacy and security of LHQW in the treatment of mild or moderate COVID-2019 pneumonia, reported no statistical difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between LHQW and conventional treatment groups from two studies (RR = 0.43, 95%CI = 0.121.54, p = 0.19). Prof. Zhenhua Jia formulates the prescription of Lianhua Qingwen based on the theory of collateral disease, and participates in the research projects of Lianhua Qingwen against H 1 N 1 and COVID-19. Though the quality of the included literature was mixed, the lung protection effects of LHQW was demonstrated. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. Ther. In a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury animal model, LHQW could efficiently decrease the chemotaxis of monocytes toward the pulmonary infection foci, and thus blocked the disease development by down-regulating MCP-1 expression [33]. Vahl. Pract. Evid. J. Chin. BMJ. Advances in Pharmacology and Clinical Research of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules. Significant heterogeneity was detected for COVID-19 pneumonia (I2 = 76.0), hand-foot-mouth disease (I2 = 62.1), rheum (I2 = 88.2), and drowsiness of nervous system damage (I2 = 91.8). Plants of the World Online. Seven studies reported the adverse reactions of hepatobiliary system damage. Data were considered statistically significant at p values <0.05. 12 (12), 753759754755. Literature searching and extraction of data were done by CH, BH, FG, and ML. Beggs test and Eggers test detected no visible publication bias for data from pooled studies and disease evaluation. Finally, our data showed that LHQW reduces the incidence of a number of adverse reactions compared with conventional drugs. Till August 8, 2020, over 19,000,000 people have been confirmed infected and more than 700,000 people have died during this severe viral prevalence. 46 (5), 395400. Protection against COVID-19 injury by qingfei paidu decoction via anti-viral, anti-inflammatory activity and metabolic programming. and transmitted securely. 100 (21), e26059. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Dong L., Xia J.W., Gong Y., Chen Z., Yang H.H., Zhang J., He J., Chen X.D. Res. [8], Lianhua Qingwen has also been promoted and distributed by the government in Hong Kong (HK). 152 (3), 393402. The results are expected to enhance its effectiveness against viruses. In the evaluation of security indexes, our meta-analysis revealed that LHQW group having a lower level of adverse reactions compared to the conventional drug group, such as respiratory system damage, skin and its appendage damage, nervous system damage, gastrointestinal system damage and other adverse reactions. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions during treatment of viral influenza between the LHQW group and the conventional drug group (RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.471.21, p = 0.244). Avoid alcohol and tobacco and spicy,cold, greasy food during taking this product. Lianhua Qingwen Capsules has a better therapeutic effect on viral influenza, but the incidence of adverse reactions is high, and its safety must be taken seriously. Furthermore, we also found that LHQW group has a reduced incidence of respiratory system damage compared to the conventional drug group. Future related studies will provide accumulated evidence to clarify it. J. Nanjing Univ. Currently, the drug has been approved for marketing in 23 countries and regions, including Canada, Russia, Cambodia and Indonesia. 339 (7), b2535. Recent clinical evidence also showed that LHQW in combination with western medicines, such as the other antiviral drugs, is better than that not using LHQW during COVID-19 treatment, suggesting it would be beneficial as a supplementary strategy for treating COVID-19 [41,[44], [45], [46]]. Now, there are no study results posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this study yet. (2010). (2021). (Hongjingtian), Mentha haplocalyx Briq. Kong Q., Wu Y., Gu Y., Lv Q., Qi F., Gong S., Chen X. Four studies reported body as a whole-general disorders as an adverse event. Front. Chinese Herbal Medicine ("3 Medicines and 3 Formulations") for COVID 19: Rapid Systematic Review and MetaanalysisChinese Herbal Medicine ("3 Medicines and 3 Formulations") for COVID-19: Rapid Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The complex components of LHQW stand for multiple targets and pleiotropic effects, but may also lead to more ADRs. doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.12016236.v1. The basic clinical treatments for COVID-19 include anti-infectious, anti-proinflammatory cytokines, nonspecific antiviral as well as life support therapies [[6], [7], [8]]. These above ingredients are decocted, distilled, filtered, refrigerated, mixed well with powdered sugar, dextrin or starch, dried and finally made into LHQW (Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2020). Although the data were far from adequate, the latest advances had shown the benefits of LHQW in COVID-19, especially in combination with other antiviral drugs. Business China. 160, 105101. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105101, Xiao, M., Tian, J., Zhou, Y., Xu, X., Min, X., Lv, Y., et al. The post-marketing monitoring data incorporated information on the following gastrointestinal adverse reactions: nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, dry mouth; as well as skin rash, itching, dizziness (Yiling Pharmaceutical, 2021). System-Organ Code Retrieval Involved. J. Pharmacovigilance. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions during treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between the LHQW group and the conventional drug group (RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.513.17, p = 0.608). Based Complement. Traditional Chinese medicine Lianhua Qingwen capsule has been proven effective for the treatment of COVID-19, China's top respiratory expert Zhong Nanshan said in a webinar with overseas Chinese students on Monday. LHQW is recommended by the National Health Commission of the Peoples Republic of China as a traditional Chinese medicine appropriate for COVID-19 pneumonia (trial version from Fourth to the Eighth Edition). Subgroup analysis revealed that LHQW group has a reduced incidence of rash than the conventional drug group (RR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.390.86, p = 0.007), no statistical difference was detected for itchy skin. Beijing: China Medical Science Press. [4][7], Lianhua Qingwen should be avoided for patients with G6PD deficiency, since its active ingredient, Lonicera japonica, will lead to hemolysis to such patients. Zhong Y., Zhou J., Liang N., Liu B., Lu R., He Y., Liang C., Wu J., Zhou Y., Hu M., Zhou J. 3.2.2. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.66.6.771, Khan, Z., Karata, Y., and Rahman, H. (2020). [4] Its formulation includes 13 herbs which are said to have been used for medical purposes as early as the Han dynasty. Herald. J. Nosocomiology. Chin. [Cruciferae; Isatudus Radix], Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai [Polypodiaceae; Dryopteris Crassirhizomatis Rhizoma], Houttuynia cordata Thunb. 48 (3), 737762. Six studies reported the adverse reactions of abnormal white blood cells and reticuloendothelial system. Meanwhile, the network pharmacology analysis confirmed that its effects were mainly focused on the biological processes such as the response to LPS, the molecular response to bacterial origin, the response to metal ions and cell biological stimulation [41]. The sensitivity results are shown in Table 2. Overall, 61 chemical compounds of LHQW (including iridoids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, phenylpropanoids, triterpenoids, and other types) have been unambiguously or tentatively identified via rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Jia et al., 2015). Secondly, separate evaluations were further performed for different diseases and types of adverse reactions. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2021). Statistics showed that infected patients in China who received combined treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern medicine exhibited lower fatality rate and relatively better clinical outcomes. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. The following information was collected from each qualifying study: first authors name, year, treating disease, sample size, number of male and female, age, adverse reactions, dispose or outcome of adverse reactions. Results of publication bias and sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis showed the incidence of dizziness or headache was significantly reduced with LHQW group (RR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.340.84, p = 0.006), no statistical difference was detected for drowsiness and legacy neuralgia. Comprehensive analysis of influenza may provide a significant advantage in generalization of the conclusions. The current meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the safety profile of LHQW in relation to conventional drugs (PROSPERO CRD-42020224180). Subgroup analysis additionally revealed a reduced incidence of some adverse reactions in the LHQW group compared to the conventional drug group (Rash of skin and its appendage damage, dizziness or headache owing to nervous system damage, nausea or vomiting from gastrointestinal system damage and resurgence of disease from other adverse reactions). doi:10.13422/j.cnki.syfjx.20201099, Ye, C., Gao, M., Lin, W., Yu, K., Li, P., and Chen, G. (2020). COVID-19 has led to a great case fatality. Lianhua Qingwen(Forsythiae fructus 225 mg, Lonicerae japonicae flos 225 mg, Ephedrae herba (processed w/ honey) 85 mg, Armeniacae semen amarum (stir-baked) . doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557, Hu, C., Liang, M., Gong, F., He, B., Zhao, D., and Zhang, G. (2020). ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; ADRs, adverse drug reactions; AECOPD, acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AGE, advanced glycation end products; ALI, acute lung injury; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 19; EC50, median effective concentrations; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; IBV, influenza B virus; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; LHQW, Lianhua Qingwen; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IP, interferon-inducible protein; MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein; MIP, macrophage inflammatory protein; NF-B, nuclear factor-kappa B; RAGE, receptor of advanced glycation end products; SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; UPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS, ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Lianhua Qingwen, Antiviral activity, Complementary strategy, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02867358","term_id":"NCT02867358"}}.
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