is mt hood becoming active?
A case could be made for subdividing the active category into actively erupting and potentially active. Volcanoes like Klauea in Hawaii, Stromboli in Italy, Erebus in Antarctica, and Santiaguito, in Guatemala, would be considered actively erupting, since magma is reaching the surface in all those places (and many others!) Distal hazard zones (D) are areas adjacent to rivers that are pathways for lahars. Hood is one of several locations featured by . Hood in a very long time, but scientists tell us that one back during the 1780swas extremely destructive. The time it takes to liquefy and potentially erupt, however, is surprisingly short--perhaps as little as a couple of months. after weeks to months of restlessness, last for time periods of months to years, A simple search for the terms online produces a number of contradictory results. Mount Hood is located just 50 miles from Portland and if an eruption were to . "restless," thereby providing some warning to officials and the About 10,000 people attempt to climb Mount Hood each year. But small ones not associated with eruptive growth and collapse of lava domes and generation of lahars have dominated Mount Swarms of these types of events are fairly common on many volcanoes. At 11,239 feet, Mount Hood stands watch over the awe-inspiring Columbia River Gorge. [25], The glacially eroded summit area consists of several andesitic or dacitic lava domes; Pleistocene collapses produced avalanches and lahars (rapidly moving mudflows) that traveled across the Columbia River to the north. Following a pause in activity on Tuesday and Wednesday, another magnitude 3.2 earthquake occurred at 3:56 am PST Thursday (Jan. 14, 1999), followed by a magnitude 3.0 earthquake at 8:13 am PST. Yellowstone last erupted about 70,000 years ago, while Long Valleys most recent activity was about 16,00017,000 years ago, and Valles last erupted about 68,000 years ago. contacts, http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0948616&HistoricalAwards=false, http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0838389&HistoricalAwards=false, http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?org=NSF&cntn_id=117434&preview=false. Researchers have newly discovered active fault lines on Mount Hood that could potentially trigger a 7.2 magnitude earthquake, devastating communities and infrastructure as far west as Portland. Mount Hood is a potentially active volcano, and the highest peak in Oregon State. Admittedly, use of these terms by volcanologists has been somewhat inconsistent and evolved with time, which has resulted in understandable confusion among non-volcanologists. Hood is a dormant or "sleeping" volcano, with steam constantly spewing from fumarole areas. The scientists are interested in the temperature at which magma resides in the crust, since it's likely to have important influence over the timing and types of eruptions that could occur. Ash clouds from small explosions or Experts also said they do not believe the swarm is evidence Mount Hood is becoming more active, but it does represent "a temporary uptick in activity," the USGS says. Seismicity at Mount Hood is primarily characterized by fairly intense swarms of micro-earthquakes which typically occur about 4 to 7 km south of the summit. These are volcanoes that will not erupt again. While not erupting, Mount Hood shows signs that it is a functioning, active volcano. It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. [8], Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October18, 1805. In the recent past, The results are important, they say, because little was known about the physical conditions of magma storage and what it takes to mobilize that magma. lifetimes, but, as Mount St. Helens taught us, it is best to be prepared. DEIJ Policy | Ethics Policy | Privacy Policy. for the depths of earthquakes to become shallower. Although hot magma from below can quickly mobilize the magma chamber at 4-5 kilometers below the surface, most of the time magma is held under conditions that make it difficult for it to erupt. Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier by volume at 73,000acreft (0.09km3), and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at 361ft (110m). At PNSN we use the following: Md (Duration Magnitude) - based on the duration of shaking. Composition:Andesite to Dacite Admittedly, use of these terms by volcanologists has been somewhat inconsistent and evolved with time, which has resulted in understandable confusion among non-volcanologists. Mike Poland is a research geophysicist with the Cascades Volcano Observatory and the Scientist-in-Charge of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. [33], Three monitoring stations were eventually installed on Mount Hood in 2020.[34]. [24] A second ammunition ship, AE-29, was commissioned in May 1971 and decommissioned in August 1999. temporarily damming the East Fork Hood River. ", 1300 SE Cardinal Court STE 100 Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt,[9] Mount Hood was first seen by European explorers in 1792 and is believed to have maintained a consistent summit elevation, varying by no more than a few feet due to mild seismic activity. Instagram: instagram.com/nsfgov, Geoscientist Adam Kent considers results of studies of magma beneath Oregon's Mount Hood. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence, and it offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America. All of the earthquakes in the Mount Hood sequences have characteristic waveforms similar to tectonic earthquakes. debris avalanches and were accompanied by lava extrusion, pyroclastic flows, While it last erupted in 1907 and still has active fumaroles, it is now considered a dormant volcano. Idaho Capital Sun is part of States Newsroom, a network of news bureaus supported by grants and a coalition of donors as a 501c(3) public charity. Credit and Larger Version, New studies indicate that magma beneath Mount Hood, other volcanoes, could liquefy in a short time. [52][53], The predecessor of the Pacific Crest Trail was the Oregon Skyline Trail, established in 1920, which connected Mount Hood to Crater Lake. The Holocene cutoff is completely arbitrary, after all, and the Smithsonians Global Volcanism Program (which has a website at https://volcano.si.edu/ that we highly recommend and that includes information about all currently erupting volcanoes worldwide, as well as those that are active but not erupting) has expanded their catalogs to cover all volcanoes that have erupted as far back as the Pleistocene geological epoch, which started about 2.5 million years ago, to better capture all volcanoes that might still be active. Today, it was never over 30F the entire trip, and from just below Government Camp to Mt. Mount Jefferson is also located on the Cascade Range. New research results suggest that magma sitting 4-5 kilometers beneath the surface of Oregon's Mount Hood has been stored in near-solid conditions for thousands of years. And this is the category into which volcanic systems like Yellowstone fall, as well as the other two caldera systems in the USA: Long Valley (California) and Valles (New Mexico). Minor eruptive activity was observed during the mid-19th century. It will at some point, which is why monitoring restless volcanoes is so vital for forecasting their behavior on timescales that are helpful to society. Sometime by 1866, Reverend G. H. Atkinson determined it to be 17,600ft (5,400m). Mount Hood is Oregon's highest peak and an active volcano of the Cascade Range. earthquakes beneath the volcano as magma moves towards the surface. July's average wind speed of around 10.7 knots (12.3 MPH or 19.8 . Awards database: nsf.gov/awardsearch/, Follow us on social [12], There are a few remaining shelters on Mount Hood still in use today. Hood Meadows it was well under 20-- even as low as 10 or 11 for a bit. The reason, Koleszar says, is that eruptions at Mount Hood appear to be preceded by episodes of intense mixing between magmas of different temperatures. right now. So Mauna Loa is active and restless but not erupting at least, not yet. Some volcanologists add qualifiers to these termsfor example, a long-dormant system might refer to a volcano that has not erupted in thousands of years, while a recently active system might have erupted a few years or decades (or even centuries!) Report 97-89. The Gorge's vistas just might take your breath away. [55] It has convenient access, though it presents some technical climbing challenges. The Timberline Trail, which circumnavigates the entire mountain and rises as high as 7,300ft (2,200m), was built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Mt. the University of Washington's Geophysics Program and the USGS have continuously near Crater Rock. The eroded volcano has had at least four major eruptive periods during the past 15,000 years. This work involves the use of space-based technologies, like Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, as well as ground-based techniques, like microgravity surveys. B on the basis of the vent The instruments were installed at four different locations on the mountain, including: The proposed locations were in a protected wilderness area, tightly controlled by the United States Forest Service. For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the characteristics of the volcano itself. It is at this time topped with snow. Modern sources point to three different heights: 11,249ft (3,429m), a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS),[1] 11,240ft (3,426m) based on a 1993 scientific expedition,[6] and 11,239ft (3,425.6m)[7] of slightly older origin. eruption-related problems. Therefore, it is unlikely Mount St. Helens, for example, was dormant from about 11,000 years ago to about 4,000 years ago, after which time it has erupted very frequently. A 45-minute "earthquake swarm" reported this week near Oregon's Mount Hood has the U.S. Geological Survey offering explanations and reassurance the volcano is not becoming more active. They total over 4,600 acres (7.2sqmi; 19km2) of skiable terrain; Timberline, with one lift having a base at nearly 6,940ft (2,120m), offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America. Idaho Capital Sun maintains editorial independence. Large debris avalanches occur infrequently and are usually Areas within proximal hazard zones should be evacuated There are vents near the summit that are known for emitting gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Typically, one to three small earthquake Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Today, the mountain is cold and quiet. Mount Hood has had two significant eruptive periods, one about 1,500 years ago Some volcanologists add qualifiers to these terms for example, a "long-dormant system" might refer to a volcano that has not erupted in thousands of years, while a "recently active system" might have erupted a few . Unlike its neighbor to the north, Mount St. Helens, Mount Hood does not River now stands, the lahar was 400 feet deep. On clear, The study involved scientists at OSU and the University of California, Davis. Mount Hood's next eruption is much more likely to be smaller than or Minor amounts of tephra can make breathing difficult A new study suggests that the magma sitting 4-5 kilometers beneath the surface of Oregon's Mount Hood has been stored in near-solid conditions for thousands of years, but that the time it takes to . USS Mount Hood (AE-11) was commissioned in July 1944 and was destroyed in November 1944 while at anchor in Manus Naval Base, Admiralty Islands. Or again Wy'east, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe. contacts. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The minimum magnitude to plot is selected by the slider. That mountain is all that remains of a volcano that might have once looked like Mount Hood does today, but it last erupted about 300,000 years ago, and since that time erosion has worn away much of the ancient volcanos cone. The latest minor eruptive event occurred in August 1907. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods and thus created the great Cascades Rapids of the Columbia River.[21]. NSF supports research and people by providing facilities, instruments and funding to support their ingenuity and sustain the U.S. as a global leader in research and innovation. being affected during the next eruption than do areas within hazard zones PB and The Forest Service recommends several other route options due to these changes in conditions (e.g. On average, we locate 0 to 3 earthquakes within 10 km of the volcano each week. There was a fair amount of packed snow and ice on the road, but traction really wasn't an issue-- I think even my old S85 could have made it without issue, at least on snow tires. Below is a time-depth plot of earthquakes located directly under Mount Hood since 2010. Mount Hood is an active volcano that is currently dormant. [20], There are other versions of the legend. In addition to my new book, I have written four others that are availableon Amazon.comincludingThe Beginning Of The End,Get Prepared Now, andLiving A Life That Really Matters. Even for a volcanic island accustomed to the occasional tremor, this has been an unusual week for Iceland. "These scientists have used a clever new approach to timing the inner workings of Mount Hood, an important step in assessing volcanic hazards in the Cascades," said Sonia Esperanca, a program director in NSF's Division of Earth Sciences. Tax ID#: 33-0051202 Individuals too can prepare by doing the following: A few moments spent now could help keep the next eruption of Mount Hood from becoming a Mount Hood was named after Lord Samuel Hood, a British admiral. But because they are extremely hot, such flows can melt [14][15], The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass. swarms (tens to more than one hundred earthquakes lasting 2 to 5 days) occur Mount Hood is the tallest mountain in the state with an elevation of 11,249 ft. Despite the physical consistency, the estimated elevation of Mount Hood has varied substantially over the years, as seen in the following table: Early explorers on the Columbia River estimated the elevation to be 10,000 to 12,000ft (3,000 to 3,700m). "If the temperature of the rock is too cold, the magma is like peanut butter in a refrigerator," Kent said. and lahars. Mount Hood is a potentially active volcano, and the highest peak in Oregon State. "What's encouraging is that modern technology should be able to detect when the magma is beginning to liquefy or mobilize," Kent said, "and that may give us warning of a potential eruption. 4) Drag square on line to include events to plot. Contact Editor Christina Lords for questions: info@idahocapitalsun.com. Brad Little's 2023 State of the State, a volcano or volcanic field that has erupted within the Holocene, cover all volcanoes that have erupted as far back as the Pleistocene geological epoch. Scientists Credit and Larger Version, Mount Hood mirrored in a placid lake below. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest . Did you know that the state of Oregon has several "active" volcanoes? On Christmas Day 1980, an intense rainstorm rapidly For some of these volcanoes, it may be that we dont know enough about their geologic history to say with certainty whether they have erupted in the Holocene the data dont exist to say one way or the other. Summary. Some areas of the Columbia River Gorge were impacted by the Eagle Creek fire of 2017. Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Volcanologists use that term as shorthand for potentially active, so a dormant volcano is one that is not erupting now, but that is considered active because it could erupt in the future. . Official websites use .gov purposes. activity occur more frequently. They are therefore considered active but dormant. and in river valleys can be reworked to form lahars for many years after an The glaciers declined by an average of 34percent from 1907 to 2004. The largest earthquakes were felt at Timberline, Brightwood, Parkdale, and Mount Hood Meadows. In the last 1,500 years, Mount Hood has had two major eruptive periods that produced lava domes, pyroclastic flows and mud flows, and minor ash fallout. The researchers hope to apply these techniques to other, larger volcanoes to see if they can determine the potential for shifting from cold storage to potential eruption--a development that might bring scientists a step closer to being able to forecast volcanic activity. Mount Hood, but few have been as destructive. The resulting debris avalanche transformed into a lahar that ago. Two people in Thomas J. Dryer's 1854 expedition calculated the elevation to be 18,361ft (5,596m) and the tree line to be at 11,250ft (3,430m). Magma stored for thousands of years can erupt in as little as two months. Instead, lava flows (see U.S. Geological Survey The prominent Crater Rock just below the summit is hypothesized to be the remains of one of these now-eroded domes. Such signs of reawakening There are many volcanic systems, however, that can go quiet for thousands of years and then reawaken. "It seems that by being more active in social media, PMR created a solid presence in the . cold, windless days, a steam plume is often seen rising from the fumaroles. Location:Oregon, Clackamas/Hood River Counties though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. The resulting lahar moved downvalley at 25 to 35 miles per hour. Estimated In another telling, Wy'east (Hood) battles Pahto (Adams) for the fair La-wa-la-clough (St. Helens). Deadly debris flows would reach Gresham and the Columbia River in about three hours. They are therefore considered active but dormant. Also, visit the Cascades Volcano Observatory You can see video footage of the quake right here. the towns of Wemme and Wildwood now stand. When the subject of volcanoes comes up, youll often hear the words active, dormant, and extinct. But what precisely do they mean? or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Those flows quickly melted the snow and ice and mixed with the meltwater to create violent slurries as thick as concrete that traveled huge distances. outbursts of glacial water. than 8 miles. The earthquake hit at 12.16am local time (10.16 GMT) today and was 10km in depth, according to data by the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC). The rescue season on Mount Hood began just four days before Stevens's fall, on January 22. . Most pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and Those awards include support for cooperative research with industry, Arctic and Antarctic research and operations, and U.S. participation in international scientific efforts. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail is coincident with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood. Hood, it's clear that a multi-sporting mindset is the best approach. "For Mount Hood, the threshold seems to be about 750 degrees (C)--if it warms up just 50 to 75 degrees above that, it greatly decreases the viscosity of the magma and makes it easier to mobilize.". Proximal and distal hazard zones are subdivided into zones A and uncertainties when Mount Hood reawakens. A simple search for the terms online produces a number of contradictory results! We are being told that theReykjanes volcano could erupt at literally any moment. Activity at the volcano in North Sumatra province increased over the past week, with authorities recording 13 times when it released ash clouds. Mount Hood is a potentially active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc.It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.It is located about 50 mi (80 km) east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. GREECE was struck by a whopping 6.2 magnitude earthquake near the countrys capital earlier today. harm's way once an eruption starts. Two past eruptions at Mount Hood provide perspective on the impact of Instead, let's call them "calderasystems. (Courtesy of the Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles). Don't worry- it hasn't been enough to warrant any major concerns. e-mail: cvo@usgs.gov. Water from the Bull Run Watershed, vital to Portland, is transported in pipes that cross At the river's mouth, where the town of Hood Mount Hood is famous for being the highest point in Oregon and the fourth-highest in the Cascade Range. Hood could have a significant eruption within the next 75 years. There you have it! The mountain is surrounded by an immense national forest, making it the perfect area for snowsports, trekking, and other recreational activities. The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses the Coalman Glacier on the Hogsback, a ridge spanning from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. every year. Online Version 1.0. Cheryl Dybas, NSF, (703) 292-7734, email: cdybas@nsf.gov Tracking Mount Hood's Changing Glaciers [7][41][42] Finally, a height of 11,249ft (3,429m) has also been reported. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The volcano last. Mount Hood is an active volcano that is currently dormant. are areas subject to rapidly moving debris avalanches, pyroclastic flows, and size of the 100,000-year-old event. [6] Many modern sources likewise list 11,240ft (3,426m) as the height. Tel: (360) 993-8900, Fax: (360) 993-8980 Rather, it means that the volcano has a youthful magmatic system, and if it is not erupting now, it could be in the future. location during the next eruption. The Hogsback terminates at a bergschrund where the Coalman Glacier separates from the summit rock headwall. travel much farther. shown on the map were determined on the basis of distance from the volcano, Non-erupting volcanoes that have experienced eruptions in the Holocene would then be considered potentially activeexamples include Mount Hood in Oregon, Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Fuji in Japan, and Katla in Iceland. The U.S. National Science Foundation propels the nation forward by advancing fundamental research in all fields of science and engineering. Indonesias Mount Sinabung was erupting Tuesday, sending volcanic materials as high as 5,000 meters (16,400 feet) into the sky and depositing ash on nearby villages. It is a stratovolcano that is considered active and is likely to erupt in the future. Take a brief survey to share your feedback. But in other cases, it might just be that a particular volcano experiences long periods of quiet between its eruptions. Risk in the Cascades, Volcano Hazards in the Mount Hood Region, Oregon, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEYREDUCING THE RISK FROM VOLCANO Hopefully this terminology is now active within your head. Major, and Thomas C. Pierson, Graphics by Bobbie Myers, Lisa Faust, and Christine Janda; Web layout by Carolyn Donlin. They destroyed everything in their path. Learn about the volcano hazards that could affect your community and determine whether you Volcano Hazards graphic for definitions of bold terms), rarely traveling more than 6 to 8 miles The project was opposed by Wilderness Watch, an conservation group. Credit and Larger Version February 18, 2014 right now. University of Washington, Geophysics Program, Related Fact Sheets and Open-File Reports, Living With Volcanic Even smaller earthquakes can sometimes be detected and located though some also are missed. 2) Click a point on the map, this will be the left side of the cross-section. avalanches, of various sizes have occurred. The name was possibly inspired by an 1890 work of author Frederic Balch, although Balch does not use it himself. The researchers were able to document the age of the crystals by the rate of decay of naturally occurring radioactive elements. The Idaho Capital Sun is the Gem States newest nonprofit news organization delivering accountability journalism on state politics, health care, tax policy, the environment and more. Lt. Broughton observed its peak while at Belle Vue Point of what is now called Sauvie Island during his travels up the Columbia River, writing, "A very high, snowy mountain now appeared rising beautifully conspicuous in the midst of an extensive tract of low or moderately elevated land [location of today's Vancouver, Washington] lying S 67 E., and seemed to announce a termination to the river." [60], As of May 2002, more than 130 people had died in climbing-related accidents since records have been kept on Mount Hood, the first in 1896. The crust of the Earth has been cracked in thousands of different places, and we are floating around on the pieces. Lahars pose the greatest hazard because more people live downstream in lahar-prone [63] 3.4percent of search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.[64]. might also be accompanied by changes in composition or temperature of fumarole swept down the Hood River valley. Klauea is an active volcano that is currently erupting. The lahar spread out over the delta New deposits of rock debris on the volcano's slopes Our stories may be republished online or in print under Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Thus, we will all have to confront many For this reason, it is important to pay attention to the characteristics of the volcano itself. NOTE: In Feb. 2012 a very small earthquake swarm took place resulting in ablog postingon the PNSN web pages. In the last 1,500 years, Mount Hood has had two major eruptive periods that produced lava domes, pyroclastic flows and mud flows, and minor ash fallout. This can point out periods when more earthquakes were located in a swarm such early in 2012, three different ones small ones in 2014 and a short but intense one in May of 2016. Throughout Mount Hood's history, rapid landslides, called debris About 100,000 years ago, a large portion of the volcano's north flank and inundation areas for lahars of a size similar to lahars that swept through the Sandy River It is located about 50mi (80km) east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. unnecessary travel. Large earthquake ruptures can take many seconds to finish. triggered by eruptive activity. Credit and Larger Version, Gray volcanic deposits form ridges along the southeast and southwest flanks of Mount Hood. The volcano has grown in fits tephra will be a nuisance and can be mitigated by such actions as shutting down and covering A previous study by Kent and OSU researcher Alison Koleszar found that the mixing of the two magma sources, which have different compositions, is both a trigger to an eruption and a constraining factor on how violent it can be. continuously monitor Mount Hood for signs of unrest and are in communication with responsible Hot magma rises from deep below Mount Hood and mixes with the cooler magma that underlies the volcano. [16], The name Wy'east has been associated with Mount Hood for more than a century, but no evidence suggests that it is a genuine name for the mountain in any indigenous language. Volcano Hazards in the Mount Hood Region, Oregon, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File [38][39][40] However, numerous others place the peak's height one foot lower, at 11,239ft (3,426m). It is located around 50 miles east of Portland. But they cannot say precisely when an eruption will begin, how big it [17][18][19] In one version of Balch's story, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. We think these changes are very small but one should still be aware of this possibility. Clear as mud? volcanoes and the hazards they pose at the USGS eruptions be like and how will they affect us? A case could be made for subdividing the active category into actively erupting and potentially active. Volcanoes like Klauea in Hawaii, Stromboli in Italy, Erebus in Antarctica, and Santiaguito, in Guatemala, would be considered actively erupting, since magma is reaching the surface in all those places (and many others!) And when it does, it could unleash mudflows not unlike those from Colombia's Nevado del Ruiz volcano in 1985. This sediment could narrow the Columbia's channel, An official website of the United States government. Each year, NSF receives more than 40,000 competitive proposals and makes about 11,000 new awards. Amer. Hopefully the USGS is correct in this instance. The largest event in the roughly 15 sequences during the 1990s varied from M=1.6 to M=3.5. PNSN coordinates are referenced to the WGS84 ellipsoid. Thus, areas within hazard zones PA and DA have a higher probability of The least humid month is July (32.3% relative humidity), and the most humid month is December (72.6%). These status terms depend heavily on knowledge of the geological deposits of volcanoes, which are a window into their eruption histories, so often additional research is needed before any assessments can be made with confidence. It was the mixing of hot liquid lava with cooler solid magma that triggered Mount Hood's last two eruptions about 220 and 1,500 years ago, said Adam Kent, an Oregon State University (OSU) geologist and co-author of a paper reporting the new findings. Kent and UC-Davis colleague Kari Cooper, also a co-author of the Nature paper, set out to discover whether they could determine how long Mount Hood's magma chamber has been there, and in what condition. I encourage you to follow me on social media onFacebook,TwitterandParler, and any way that you can share these articles with others is a great help.
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