birds similar to killdeer
In this complete guide to killdeer nesting, we will take a closer look at the birds' nesting habits, what time of year they lay their eggs, and how they raise their young. On the other hand, killdeer populations in Mexico and the Caribbean can nest year-round. Killdeer may make several scrapes not far away from each other before choosing one to lay in. This pair found a new nesting home with us. If his movements make you think he belongs at the beach, youre not all wrong: the killdeer is a shorebird, a family that includes sandpipers, plovers, godwits, dowitchers, and other denizens of our coasts and mudflats. The killdeer most often calls in this high, repetitive way when they are flying above, often just communicating with other birds; they are a very vocal species. Found in dry, flat landscapes, running and halting on the ground in search of insects and earthworms. Because they live so close to people, however, Killdeer are vulnerable to pesticide poisoning and collisions with cars and buildings. They can walk out of the nest as soon as their feathers dry. When disturbed, they give a prolonged chattering call and are often the first birds to sound an alarm if a predator or other threat approaches. It has a round head, large eye, short neck, and moderately long legs. Incubation is by both parents, 24-28 days. It shows a strong white wingbar in flight, and runs along the sandy beaches it prefers with a characteristic "bicycling" action, stopping frequently to pick small food items. Killdeers begin adding to their nest during the laying and incubation processes. Discover more unique birds and bird sounds, Chicken Behaviors: Dust Bathing, Mating, Preening, and More. Some birds will lay their eggs in a gravel parking lot or along a busy highway. It may resemble an American Kestrel, at least until it lands on the ground and begins walking.) Rest assured that their screech does not mean that they'reupset; they have a different call for warnings! Spring migration is very early, returning to some northern areas in February or March. Young Killdeer only have one breast band, and can easily be mistaken for smaller plover species. Birds in distress or sounding an alarm make a sharp dee that can intensify into a nervous, bubbling trill. Box 520 | Dublin, NH 03444. However, if you have a low, flat gravel roof or pebbled landscaping, you may attract killdeer to your yard. However, these medium-sized, tawny brown birds mostly nestle far away from water bodies and are common to grass lawns, fields, golf courses and garages or parking spaces. You will also notice that killdeer create multiple scrapes adjacent to the nest they use - a tactic that helps with camouflage. Kee! Open graveled rooftops are used as well. Read on to learn about the Killdeer. Sibley, D. A. Shorter breeding seasons often result in mated pairs only producing one clutch rather than two or three. Killdeer in the northern United States and Canada migrate south each year to escape harsh winter weather, passing right over regions such as the southern U.S. where other Killdeer populations are nonmigratory. Killdeer distraction display. Learn more about the curious killdeer, its famous "broken wing" display, its nesting habits (what nest?! Illustration David Allen Sibley. Distinguishing traits embody a darkish, double-banded breast, with the top band fully encircling the higher body/breast. Curiously, these items tend to be light colored, and this tendency was confirmed in one experiment that gave Killdeer the choice between light and dark sticks. A close up of 4 killdeer eggs in the nest. Davey Walters | Macaulay Library Massachusetts, May 27, 2016 View Full Species Account Similar Species Wilson's Snipe Adult Andres, B. It is not uncommon for killdeer to nest in backyards or near human activity in general. Wintering birds are found south to northern South America. Kill-dee! Learn all about birds around the world through our growing collection of in-depth expert guides. Ross Gallardy | Macaulay Library Illinois, June 11, 2016 View Full Species Account Similar Species Semipalmated Plover Nonbreeding adult Chicks may be unable to leave a roof because of high parapets and screened drain openings. Displaying males give this 0.5-second call over and over while in flight. Found in dry, flat landscapes, running and halting on the ground in search of insects and earthworms. Note cinnamon underparts and gray collar. When a Killdeer stops to look at an intruder, it has a habit of bobbing up and down almost as if it had hiccupped. They are often seen gathered in flocks on gravel or paved parking lots or in fields of low-cut grass, where they forage and socialize well into the night. This is so interesting. Killdeer is a plover with a piercing call that sounds like "kill-dee" (take after its name). Killdeer nests are simple nests and usually well camouflaged. Plovers and Lapwings(Order: Charadriiformes, Family: Charadriidae). Similar Species Killdeer Adult Killdeer have a very different shape from woodcock, with a short bill, slender body, upright posture, and longer legs. Birds that have feathers that look like fur are a phenomenon that has been documented by bird enthusiasts and scientists for many years. At times, it nests on gravel roofs or on lawns. 2023Yankee Publishing, Inc., An Employee-Owned Company Like other members of the plover family, this species is often found at the water's edge, but it also lives in pastures and fields far from water. The Return of the Killdeer may not be Hollywood-sequel material, but for those who keep a close eye on their local baseball field, golf course, horse pasture, airport, suburban backyard, or even public parking lot, killdeer are bound to be coming to a place near you! Killdeer nesting season is shorter in the northern reaches of their range. The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. In very hot climates, adults shade eggs in mid-day, may soak belly feathers to help cool eggs. Black-bellied Plover American Golden-Plover Pacific Golden-Plover Snowy Plover Wilson's Plover Semipalmated Plover Piping Plover Killdeer Mountain Plover Browse Species in This Family More to Read Living Bird Magazine Naturalist's Notebook: Killdeer Poses Top 5 Interesting Nests in North America Living Bird Magazine The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. The Killdeer is the largest and most familiar of the "ringed" plovers, a group that includes the Piping and Wilson's Plovers. American Bird Conservancy is a 501(c)(3) organization. Do killdeers nest in the same place every year? Killdeer are found throughout the entire United States. Brownish-tan on top and white below. Length: 10.5" Wingspan: 24" Weight: 3.3 oz Most noticeable among the Killdeers many calls is the high, plaintive kill-deer the bird is named for. Migratory in north, may be permanent resident in south. Feeds on a wide variety of insects, including beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, fly larvae, many others; also eats spiders, earthworms, centipedes, crayfish, snails. They also have beige legs while Piping Plovers have yellow legs year-round. The sight of a newly hatched killdeera cotton ball perched on ostrich legs, which almost immediately can run at great speedwill warm even the wintriest heart. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA. Why Do Birds Migrate and How Do They Know When to Go. Like many other shorebirds, such as the Wilson's Snipe and Snowy Plover, the Killdeer performs a "broken wing" distraction display to lead predators away from its nest. Despite local declines in some urbanized areas, still widespread and abundant. The male typically initiates the ceremony by lowering his breast to the ground and scraping with his feet. The most famous distraction display is the Killdeer's "broken wing" act. Birds make contact calls to keep in touch with each other, often while they're foraging for food. The first clutch is typically laid between March and mid-April. Version 2.07.2019. Widespread, common, and conspicuous, the Killdeer calls its name as it flies over farmland and other open country. But unlike most of its relatives, the killdeer breeds throughout the continent, often far from water. Its "broken-wing" display is famous and known by many non . The Black-capped Chickadee also seems to sing its name, and the boisterous flycatcher known in English as the Great Kiskadee has onomatopoeic names in other languages as well Cristo fue (Spanish), Kitaukah (Miskito), and Bem-te-vi (Portuguese). Snowy Plovers have a thinner bill than Piping Plovers. Their name is a reference to the sound of their call, and a bit of a stretch at that. Killdeer are also vulnerable to collisions with towers, buildings, and cars, since nesting birds are attracted to the gravel surrounding building pads and along road shoulders. (2020). Unlike most birds, when humans are too close by, the killdeer will often run away first, rather than flying off. Killdeer protecting the nest with eggs inside. This information is used to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Adults perform broken-wing displays to distract predators from their nests and young. What Bird info on Killdeer Killdeer: Large banded plover, brown upperparts and white underparts, two distinct black bands cross upper breast. This creature has a unique sense of personality which shines through even amongst its most similar relatives. Adults eventually lure chicks off the roof, which can be dangerous although one set of chicks survived a leap from a seven-story building. A co-op employee happened to spot the bird and her clutch, and the team quickly built a safe space around the nest with orange traffic cones. Killdeers generally nest on slightly raised terrain, such as the top of a hill. Its call sounds like a very high pitch, nasally wail of "kill-dee! Tail and rump show rust-brown in flight. Breeding Semipalmated Plovers are darker overall with thicker black breast band than breeding Piping Plovers. The duplication may help to confuse predators. I've sprinkled some seed around her nest. The white chest is barred with two black bands, and the brown face is marked with black and white patches. The male then stands with body tilted slightly forward, tail raised and spread, calling rapidly. The bird lays its eggs right out in the open on gravelly, sandy, or otherwise disturbed ground. Membership benefits include one year of Audubon magazineand the latest on birds and their habitats. See a fully interactive migration map for this species on the Bird Migration Explorer. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/253361.). Your support helps secure a future for birds at risk. When a curious human or a predator gets too close to a Killdeer nest or some young birds, the adults can turn into full-on thespians, loudly and pathetically faking a broken wing in hopes that the predator will pay attention to them and not the nest. The southernmost killdeer populations generally lay their first eggs in early March. Listen here: Kill-dee(r) call used for alert, display, or in flight: (Audio of Killdeer by Paul Marvin, XC169203. Custom programming and server maintenance by Reinvented Inc. Adults swim well in swift-flowing water, and chicks can swim across small streams. Follows farmers' plows in hopes of retrieving any unearthed worms or insect larvae. (2014). ), and its unusual call. Killdeer are larger and lankier than Semipalmated and Wilson's plovers; the double breast band distinguishes adult Killdeer from . Killdeer nests are simple scrapes often placed on slight rises in their open habitats. Or take action immediately with one of our current campaigns below: The Audubon Bird Guide is a free and complete field guide to more than 800 species of North American birds, right in your pocket. Discover more unique birds and bird sounds! Snowy Plovers have dark legs year-round and Piping Plovers have yellow legs. Found in open areas such as sandbars, mudflats, grazed fields, lawns, driveways, athletic fields, parking lots, airports, and golf courses. Davey Walters | Macaulay Library Massachusetts, May 27, 2016 View Full Species Account Similar Species Sanderling Nonbreeding adult Nonbreeding Sanderlings have a longer bill than Piping Plovers. The Killdeer bird (Charadrius vociferus) - also known as Killdeer Plovers - are medium-sized plovers with a range that spreads across the Western Hemisphere. Both the male and female participate in building the nest, a simple scrape or shallow depression in the ground. They're named after their call, which sounds a bit like "kill-deer." (This is similar to the chick-a-dee, which is also named after the sound of its call.) Arthur Cleveland Bent, in his Life Histories of North American Birds, records the following anecdotes: Howard Lacey (1911) noticed that a flock of driven goats divided. Generally the vegetation in fields inhabited by Killdeer is no taller than one inch. They are probably most familiar around towns, where they live on lawns, driveways, athletic fields, parking lots, airports, and golf courses. Slender shorebird with long wings and tail. Killdeer will also pat the ground with one foot to stir up prey, or probe mud like a Semipalmated Sandpiper. Since the Killdeer adapts well to human habitats, it remains a common and widespread species in many areas. This is hardly the first case of Killdeer nesting in an inconvenient spotto humans, that is. The common name of this species comes from its often-heard call. Killdeer Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology Species in This Family Plovers and Lapwings (Order: Charadriiformes, Family: Charadriidae) Black-bellied Plover American Golden-Plover Pacific Golden-Plover Snowy Plover Wilson's Plover Semipalmated Plover Piping Plover Killdeer Mountain Plover Browse Species in This Family The Northern Bobwhite declares its name with a ringing "bobWHITE"! At times, it nests on gravel roofs or on lawns. Call note is a thin, piercing "dee" note. The bright orange-buff rump is conspicuous in flight. When disturbed they break into flight and circle overhead, calling repeatedly. The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. Killdeer nests are scrapes in the ground often lined with white objects. Photo: Dick Dickinson/Audubon Photography Awards. In The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, editor). Birds residing in Michigan typically lay somewhere between April and June, while populations farther north may only lay in June and July. The display serves as a marvelous distraction from the eggs, which are themselves ingeniously camouflaged with black-and-white speckling. It was described and given its current scientific name in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae. Get Instant ID help for 650+ North American birds. Will also eat seeds left in agricultural lands. Sadly the land is now being build on. May follow farmers plowing fields, to feed on grubs turned up by the plow. "It caught like wildfire," said . Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, J. E. Hines, D. J. Ziolkowski Jr., K. L. Pardieck, J. E. Fallon, and W. A. This species is one of the least water-associated of all shorebirds. Slender shorebird with long wings and tail. The Killdeers broken-wing act leads predators away from a nest, but doesnt keep cows or horses from stepping on eggs. Often found on open ground, such as pastures, plowed fields, large lawns, even at a great distance from water. Copyright 2023 American Bird Conservancy. We also advocate for stronger local, state, and federal regulations to protect birds and other wildlife from these threats. The creation of multiple scrapes is likely to confuse potential predators. See what you think. Buff-colored, heavily marked with blackish-brown. The killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) is a large plover found in the Americas.Killdeer get their name from the shrill, wailing call that give off a "kill-deer"-like sound they give so often. Similar Species Similar Species Killdeer Adult Killdeers are larger than Piping Plovers with 2 obvious black breast bands. Try Merlin Bird ID Species in This Family Plovers and Lapwings (Order: Charadriiformes, Family: Charadriidae) Black-bellied Plover American Golden-Plover Pacific Golden-Plover Snowy Plover Wilson's Plover Semipalmated Plover Piping Plover Killdeer Mountain Plover Browse Species in This Family More to Read Living Bird Magazine In earlier times, the Killdeer was also known as the Chattering Plover or the Noisy Plover, both nods to its vocal nature. Killdeer spend their time walking along the ground or running ahead a few steps, stopping to look around, and running on again. Chicks can walk several hours after hatching. There is a single killdeer mom who is tending the nest by herself. Both males and females participate in what is known as a scrape ceremony. Interestingly enough, killdeer do not feed their young. Photo: Howard Arndt/Audubon Photography Awards, Help power unparalleled conservation work for birds across the Americas, Stay informed on important news about birds and their habitats, Receive reduced or free admission across our network of centers and sanctuaries, Great Egret. Downy young leave nest soon after hatching. Typically they run a few steps and then pause, then run again, pecking at the ground whenever they spot something edible. A. and A. S. Love. Precocial birds, like baby chickens and baby ducks, are all cute. Its the least you can do. Buff, blotched with black and brown. The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 19662019. . Northern residents do not lay until mid-April at the earliest. They are hideous, blind, bald, wrinkly-skinned little lizards that only a mother could love. Baby Killdeer birds eat insects and plant materials like berries and weed seeds. The bird is called the killdeer and it can be found all over North America from spring onward. Our site uses cookies to collect anonymous information about your use of our website. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA. The pair lines the nest with small rocks, shells, or other objects. Killdeer inhabit open areas such as sandbars, mudflats, and grazed fields. Type in your search and hit Enter on desktop or hit Go on mobile device. A lthough Killdeer, a species of plover that can be found along water and inland, are not endangered, they are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in the United States. I have seen killdeer nest on the shoulder of a Road a few years ago and another in the middle of a Driveway their property owners placed barricade around the nest to keep it safe because these Birds feed on Insects that damage crops and ruin gardens. Wilson's Snipes have longer legs than American Woodcocks. Killdeer lay their eggs into an empty nest but add other materials later on. Killdeer are surprisingly unobtrusive even on green lawns, despite their warm tawny coloration. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/169203. Some think it sounds like a leaky balloon! The killdeer most often calls in this high, repetitive way when they are flying above, often just communicating with other birds; they are a very vocal species. Chicks can leave the nest as soon as their downy feathers dry out. Both adults and juveniles habitually pause while walking to bob their heads up and back down. Often, it can be difficult to pick them out from their pebbly background, even from only a few feet away. Near the nest, Killdeer distract predators by calling loudly, bobbing, and running away. Later you can mark the spot with a small flag so as to avoid disturbing it. Today, nesting sites are commonly found in gravel parking lots and on road shoulders. Flight call is a loud, shrill, repeated killdeer or k'dew. Semipalmated Plovers are smaller with a stubbier bill than Killdeer. Killdeer often call in flight and at night. Similar in size to American Robin, but with longer legs and wings. Get Instant ID help for 650+ North American birds. Previous nesting sites are commonly reused, but eggs are not necessarily laid in a previous scrape. Nest is shallow scrape in soil or gravel, either unlined or lined with pebbles, grass, twigs, bits of debris. The male lowers his breast to the ground and scrapes a shallow depression with his feet. Population estimates of North American shorebirds, 2012. Link (2019). I really enjoy reading your articles, thank you! They are mottled with dark brown blotches that are more noticeable at the larger end of the egg. Many a person has been fooled by the bird's 'broken-wing' act, in which it flutters along the ground in a show of injury, luring intruders away from its nest. See more images of this species in Macaulay Library. A pair will initiate a new scraping ceremony, creating several sites adjacent to one another before choosing one. Look for it circling you, flying stiffly on long, pointed wings. Killdeers are larger than Piping Plovers with 2 obvious black breast bands. Most successful nesting areas, however, have some shallow water or other good feeding area for the chicks. Get Instant ID help for 650+ North American birds. They often make several scrapes close to one another, but generally only choose one as the nesting site. Their flight is rapid, with stiff, intermittent wingbeats. Forages on shorelines and mudflats; uses stout bill to probe mainly for marine worms. Nonbreeding Sanderlings have a longer bill than Piping Plovers. This bird is similar in size to a Dunlin, but stouter, with a thick bill. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Bird Banding Laboratory 2020. While they are technically shore birds, they are often found far away from bodies of water - these two have laid their eggs in the middle of the desert where there aren't too many large bodies of water. The Killdeer, Charadrius vociferus, is a medium-sized plover. Sandpipers and Allies(Order: Charadriiformes, Family: Scolopacidae). Access a free guide of more than 800 species of North American birds, Discover the impacts of climate change on birds and their habitats, Learn more about the birds you love through audio clips, stunning photography, and in-depth text. Historically, it seems the killdeer preferred to nest on sandbars and gravel near rivers and coastlines. BONUS: Youll also receive our freeBeginner GardeningGuide! To guard against large hoofed animals, the Killdeer uses a quite different display, fluffing itself up, displaying its tail over its head, and running at the beast to attempt to make it change its path. Approached by a person, a killdeer will startle up from its eggs, tilt itself sideways, letting one wing hang down as though broken, and limp away in the most pitiful manner. Killdeer are small shorebirds with absolutely nothing against deer. In contrast, altricial bird babies, like robins and blue jays, are not cute. They are often seen gathered in flocks on gravel or paved parking lots or in fields of low-cut grass, where they forage and socialize well into the night. However, northernmost populations, such as those in central Canada, may only nest between June and late July. Harry Colquhoun/Audubon Photography Awards. However, rooftops are not ideal locations since nestlings typically lack a way to get down without human intervention. These birds are typically found in cold climates and have adapted to the harsh environment by growing feathers . These small birds are similar in size to the well-known American Robin, but have longer legs and wings. Get Instant ID help for 650+ North American birds. No, these birds do not kill deer! Sizes average between 38.2 mm in length and 26.8 mm in width or 37.9 mm in length and 27.1 mm in width. CUBS Bird Guide Killdeer Main Focal Species. Killdeer are found year-round in the Caribbean, and there is a separate permanent population in coastal Ecuador and Peru, too. If you startle a killdeer near your home this spring, and you think it may be nesting, take a few minutes to determine the exact location. Graceful in flight and handsome in appearance, with a rusty-red tail and a series of black-and-white bands around neck and head, you'll most often see the killdeer speed-walking a few short, shuffling steps over open ground and then stopping suddenly, as if hes had a thought. Look for Killdeer on open ground with low vegetation (or no vegetation at all), including lawns, golf courses, driveways, parking lots, and gravel-covered roofs, as well as pastures, fields, sandbars and mudflats. Let us send you the latest in bird and conservation news. On spring nights, males perform conspicuous displays, giving a buzzy peent call, and launching into the air. They are very vocal and found near human habitation. The Cornell Lab will send you updates about birds, birding, and opportunities to help bird conservation. Adults have 2 black breast bands. Age of young at first flight roughly 25 days. Audubon protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow. There is a nest in our front yard. Nesting typically begins in early March and ends around November in the southern United States where winter and spring climates are mild. Killdeer nests are always well-camouflaged, and the four heavily speckled eggs blend perfectly with their surroundings. Call note is a thin, piercing "dee" note. Males and females look alike. Young: Downy young leave nest soon after hatching. White stripes on wings are visible in flight. In fact, the killdeer seems very tolerant of humans. Killdeers build their nests by digging out depressions in the ground. However, there is something distinct about the Killdeer. Adults have 2 black breast bands. Plump, short-legged and short-necked shorebird with a long, straight bill. Yes, he's faking an injury! ki-deah! Nest is a shallow depression scratched into the bare ground, typically 3-3.5 inches across. Partners in Flight. Another band is positioned on the head, resembling masks absent of the facial portion. Juveniles have a plain face, a stubby black bill, and yellow legs. Baby killdeer typically leave the nest around 31 days after hatching. Listen to more sounds of this species from the ML archive. Found in forests, forest edges, old fields, and wet meadows of eastern North America. Version 2020. The killdeer is a quirky species of North American plover. Young are tended by both parents, but feed themselves. We have a Killdeer family at the top of the circle of our neighborhood's cul du sac. Piping Plover Nesting (Location, Eggs + Behavior), Get the latest Birdfacts delivered straight to your inbox. The adults measure 10-1/2 inches in length with a wingspan of 24 inches. All rights reserved. Killdeer have the characteristic large, round head, large eye, and short bill of all plovers. The killdeer ( Charadrius vociferus) is a large plover found in the Americas. Found in open areas such as sandbars, mudflats, grazed fields, lawns, driveways, athletic fields, parking lots, airports, and golf courses. We believe there were Killdeers nesting in some undeveloped property behind our neighborhood. Wader Study Group Bulletin 119:178194. (This is similar to the chick-a-dee, which is also named after the sound of its call.). Learn more about these drawings. Fields, airports, lawns, river banks, mudflats, shores. Avian Conservation Assessment Database, version 2020. Most shorebird species, such as the Red Knot, are champion long-distance migrants, but depending upon the population, the Killdeer can be a year-round resident or a partial, or "leapfrog," migrant. Killdeer couples perform both aerial and ground displays as a duo. In developed areas, parking lots and rooftops are favored nest sites. Mostly insects. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Partners in Flight estimates the global breeding population at 2.3 million and rates them 10 out of 20 on the Continental Concern Score, indicating a species of relatively low conservation concern. The Killdeer is the largest and most familiar of the "ringed" plovers, a group that includes the Pipingand Wilson's Plovers. Wavering, Common Killdeer Calls Click here for some common killdeer sounds. Pesticide poisoning poses a major threat, since Killdeer forage on lawns and other open spaces that are often sprayed with toxins. These sounds are usually short, quick, and quiet, though if birds get separated, they may make louder, more urgent "separation calls." Flight calls The Killdeer is the most widespread North American plover species. Similar Species Similar Species Semipalmated Plover Breeding adult Semipalmated Plovers are smaller with a stubbier bill than Killdeer. We're fighting to block or restrict dangerous pesticides in homes, gardens, and in agriculture. Although known for being shy, these birds often inhabit rooftop buildings and other open areas, sometimes near backyards or farms. The Killdeer is similar, in many ways, to other plovers and shorebirds. And this leads to one of the killdeers most distinctive behaviors . Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), version 2.0. Killdeer look very similar to their sweet cousins, the piping plover and are actually plovers themselves, part of the numerous species of "plump-breasted" shorebirds. They have clean white underparts and 2 black bands across the breast. They also have a single breast band instead of two. Killdeer get their name from the shrill, wailing. These birds have adapted well to living near people, commonly even nesting near abundant human activity. A shorebird you can see without going to the beach, Killdeer are graceful plovers common to lawns, golf courses, athletic fields, and parking lots. Join today, Utahs Wet Winter Gives Some Reprieve to Great Salt Lake, Congress Must Maintain Historic Climate and Economic Progress, Drab but Fab: Woodcocks Wear the Whitest Whites in the Avian Wardrobe.
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