kamikaze language techniques
We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. It is always difficult to match documents to effect, but the relative success of the Togo squadrons suggests they played some persuasive role in ensuring discipline among pilots that were internally struggling with their impending deaths. Manual 1s visuals are so removed from the directives that it isolates them from the tasks they represent; the only reference to the visuals occurs in the table of contents. There is no indication that the manual was directed from a superior, suggesting that the officer who did write it may have done so at his own discretion, feeling that such a document would be useful to reinforce orders and serve as a training tool. Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. The manual genre in technical communication aims to help readers accomplish a task that they either could not do alone or could do more efficiently with assistance from the text. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. journey into history, but half way a kamikaze pilot. There is no improvising or mental meandering to be done during a suicide attack, save rote airspeed and altitude correction. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. 4. of, pertaining to, undertaken by, or characteristic of a kamikaze. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. Reeves, C. (2005). There is a huge emphasis on efficiency; Togo attacks must be highly organized and orders must be obeyed without question. 7879). It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). This attractive resource supports students' analysis of the poem, 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, including language techniques, structure and themes. Screen captures to support switching attention. This basic outline is repeated in Dive II, which offers shallower and deeper approaches, respectively, described further in Sections 2630. The pilots daughter reflects on whether this shunning was like a death in itself: he must have wondered which had been the better way to die. Her father was a ghost of a man from the time he chose to return home. He realized he couldnt commit suicide and returns to his base. However, the Togo pilots, immersed in bushido culture and wishing to defend their homeland from direct, devastating military attack (or, hopefully, to force the US to sue for peace), operated well within the expectations of wartime behavior by attacking warships and other military targets. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. We suggest that manual writers today should be cognizant of precisely what they are making possible, and remember that what they view now as inevitable or necessary may be illusory or optional; indeed, the hypothetical and, from all sources at the time, certain ground invasion that drove the writing and consumption of these manuals never happened, due to Japans surrender in August 1945 after the American atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The opening stanza is full of the patriotic words that might have fuelled his decision to begin the suicide run. Technical Communication Quarterly, 11(1), 3159. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. This vastly different sense of pilot mortality affects the form of the instructions, in that typical safety information, basic defensive measures, or maintenance procedures are not considered; the manuals nature is entirely offensive and single-pathed toward the desired state. Gellevij, M., & van der Meij, H. (2002). Kamikaze also references the shame of war. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. In this article, we explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks in 1945 through a rhetorical analysis of a technical text that we translated for the first time into English: a Japanese military manual directed to Togo officers on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks against American warships. (p. 82). His work on rhetoric and technical communication has appeared in College English, JAC, Rhetoric Society Quarterly, Philosophy & Rhetoric, Rhetorica, BPCQ, and Informal Logic, and he has co-edited the collection The Centrality of Style. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 46(3), 311341. The table of contents (Figure 1) includes an overview, two chapters, and appendices. It is our hope that this rhetorical analysis sheds light on the phenomenon of the Togo attacks and opens up future fruitful analysis of other military manuals and discourse, particularly those from World War II. Samurai. However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. Differentiated prompts to annotate the language, form and structure. The path to attempted suicide for the pilots in the procedure is singular and inevitable. We surmise that Togo squadrons had some version of both Manual 1 and Manual 2, then, to reinforce this dual argumentative strategy. I knew there was something wrong with that paper: Scientific rhetorical styles and scientific misunderstandings. Have a specific question about this poem? The poem Kamikaze deals with elements of Japanese culture and the militarily sanctioned suicides of Japanese pilots during the Second World War. Further research into military documentation, especially those not yet translated into English, from the perspective of technical communication and rhetoric would be fruitful. The word kamikaze means 'divine wind' in Japanese. She is not smiling or crying. Rhetoric Society Quarterly, 24(3/4), 105130. . Axell, A., & Kase, H. (2002). Her research interests include workplace literacy, collaborative writing, and visual design. First, this manual was written for commanding those who are certain to die in action, as opposed to a more conventional military manual written for those with at least a chance of surviving enemy action. They will also gain an understanding of the wider context of the poem. adjective. Method: We examine Japanese military ideology at a particular stage in the war to contextualize a rhetorical analysis of the two translated texts. Imagery 2. At least 250 carrier pilots, a years graduating class, were lost at Midway alone (Horne, 2012). This advice is repeated in Manual 2, and the doubling suggests the advice was common. It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. A link to Garland's own website, which has a number of her poems up for reading. For this reason, the indirect guard force and the direct guard force need to exert [effort in] confirming the battle result as much as they can. Technical Communication, 53(2), 195211. Manning, A., & Amare, N. (2006). The author is unknown and anonymous, but, presumably, Manual 1 was written above the rank of a Togo commanding officer with the images possibly added by an assistant or assistants. Best practice in image placement suggests that images are most effective when integrated in close proximity to the directive they illustrate. Mohrmann, 1986, Quarterly Journal of Speech, 72, 377389), ____. a Japanese suicide pilot used in World War 2 Name the three main themes of the poem. He embarks on his final, suicide mission with thoughts of glory and his country filling him but then sees the world below him as he flies. Garland was born in 1938 in Oxford. We're here to help your child succeed. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. This varies depending on the type of aircraft. There is also a deeper, darker reading of brain-washing and state manipulation in the line. The very act of questioning gets in the way of following orders and is to be avoided. The pedagogy of manual writing can be enhanced by the use of such gripping examples, especially cross-culturally. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. The ethic of expediency: Classical rhetoric, technology, and the holocaust. Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. It is important to reiterate here, especially in a 21st century age of peacetime terrorism, that the Togo attacks were expressly directed toward military targets. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. The first official Togo unit was formed in October of 1944 by Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi (Correll, 2015) during the second battle of Leyte Gulf, but the bulk of organized, sanctioned kamikaze attacks occurred during the Battle of Okinawa in AprilJune 1945, when nearly 1,500 planes and pilots (the vast majority of whom were inexperienced) were used to sink approximately 24 American ships (Baer, 1996). Additionally, there is a great deal of material and thought put into what kind of approach the plane should take, which depends on the situation. Contrary to popular legend, Japanese conventional pilots during the war were indeed issued parachutes, but most refused to wear them as they did not want to be captured and they got in the way of flying (Caidin & Saito, 1957). The prevailing fatalistic reasoning thus became that completing the mission was preferable to disobedience or the increasing likelihood of being killed by an American bombing. The poetic lines stuck with her and she says sometimes they were like sweets, something that could be saved up and enjoyed for their marvellous taste.. Their typically artful parting letters are well known, such as in this excerpt: The Japanese way of life is indeed beautiful and Im proud of it, as Im proud of Japanese history and mythology, which reflect the purity of our ancestors . Download. AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? Proverb 5. Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. The instructions in these two manuals present an extreme example for ethics; namely, is killing yourself and others ethical? Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. It was first used to describe a series of typhoons (serious storms from the sea) that prevented two of Kublai Khan's attempts to invade Japan in the 13 th century. We build confidence and attainment by personalising each childs learning at a level that suits them. A key aspect to bushido is the act of seppuku, where a dishonored samurai voluntarily commits suicide if sufficiently dishonored or wounded, or is ordered to do so by a superior. Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017). It is her usual face. The most important theme of the poem is the brutality of war. This mindset was not limited to Togo pilots; the mass suicides of both Japanese soldiers and civilians during the invasion of Okinawa paralleled the intense kamikaze attacks of the war off the coast (Shimpo et al., 2014, p. 3). This manual (later referred to as Manual 1) is 22 pages long and contains several distinctive images reproduced in this article. Comparisons and. On the question of visuals, Dragga and Voss (2001) advocate that technical communicators should genuinely integrate words and pictures instead of simply juxtaposing the two on the page or screen (p. 271). The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. Michigan State University Press. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. Instead, as in Dive, the reader sees a simple triangle, with the hypotenuse being the path of the plane. 91121). So, this meant "god" or "god speaking.". Strike an enemy vessel that is either moored or at sea. Early to middle 1945 saw Imperial Japan in near-complete disarray, both militarily and economically. Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). (2016). We suspect these simple images were copied to chalkboards for use in pilot instruction and their abstract nature kept discussion at the level of technique. These two words in the span of Sections 3 and 4 suggest, then, the document has some ethical seams. De Velasco, J. His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him. Therefore, the chief agency of these attacks is not in the hands of the individual pilots but their commanders and the authors of these manuals. Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. One hundred years of sea power: The U.S. Navy, 18901990. Yooryoo is the term used for plans and for the manual itself; it is a very serious word that means anything from outlines, key points, instructions, or a manual. Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. Indeed, much like religious discourse, the primary rhetorical appeal for both manuals is an appeal to authority, as we might expect from any military manual. Other military discourse studies roughly parallel to ours suggest, curiously, that there are many important artifacts to be explored in military documents, but none of them ever reflect well on the military. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. . If possible, it is best if it is around the area between the chimney[s] and the bridge, or the elevator if it is an aircraft carrier, and the area slightly above the waterline in the center is good in the case of a very low altitude horizontal crash. If you are approaching the enemy from a height of 6,000 metres, adjust your speed twice; or from a lower height of 4,000 metres, adjust speed once. The two manuals are gripping case studies for discussion of ethical technical communication across cultures, in situational context, and as instructional genre, illustrating the power of written procedure to facilitate extreme acts. It is difficult to draw a close link between seppuku and Togo suicide attacks, but they do have in common the concept of a suicidal act that grants or restores honor to the subject, family, or country. In the West, we often valorize our military for selfless, solo acts; think of the almost stereotypical soldier who falls on a grenade to save his comrades, or another who charges an enemy machine-gun nest alone. A conscious decision, therefore, at some high level was made to operationalize the Togo, and that is principally where the blame, if there is any to assign, lies. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). The word safe is repeated across two stanzas, perhaps reflecting the pilots desire for safety himself. Upon his return, however, his whole family disown himincluding the poem's main speaker, his daughter. Were the goals reasonable in this case? The New York Times. We cannot connect the manual directly to the effectiveness of Togo unit discipline, but the existence of the manual and its arguments suggest that discipline was a concern. They are easy to remember if studied individually and demonstrate well the manuals assumption of authority. The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. There are two sections where the narrator (the pilots daughter) interjects and the poem becomes a first person narrative. Central to these analyses is a charge for technical communicators to accept the moral responsibility to bring humanity to the verbal and visual display of information (Dragga & Voss, 2003, pp. Personal Pronoun 8. The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. Based on these observations, we would make four global arguments about Manual 1. meaning. We're here to help each child succeed. It is of utmost importance for the attacking force commander to have thorough knowledge about the yooryoo of the Togo troop commanders attack. Copies of this directive were even distributed to the Japanese civilian population by 1945. (31) Although the point of crash varies depending on the airplane types, target types, size, speed, etc., [the target] should be the center of the deck in the case of a steep dive crash. Technical Communication Quarterly, 14(3), 249255. Patriotism, high at the beginning of training, dwindled (p. 6), and as one doomed pilot wrote in his diary three months before his final mission, To be honest, I cannot say that the wish to die for the emperor is genuine, coming from my heart. In this way, the manual emphasizes that the pilot is not alone when he makes his final approach; it is a team effort. Kamikaze is a narrative poem. The manuals aim to shut down doubts not only in the officers mind but in his subordinate pilots as well. We have not yet examined the original, but we have a high-quality scan courtesy of the Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots in Japan, where the original is located. (4) Togo troops need to, no matter what, sink the target (without questioning) of the types and sizes of the enemys ships, ordered by the High-Level Commander. kamikaze was the term used for the ww2 japanise plane divers. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Caidin, M., & Saito, F. (1957).
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