is lindane a severe marine pollutant
The mark must appear on each side and each end of the transport vehicle or freight container, and must be visible from the direction it faces. 0000004014 00000 n 0000057176 00000 n Convulsions. Vomiting. Read what you need to know about our industry portal chemeurope.com. Effects of short-term exposure Not combustible. with the financial assistance of the European Commission. Tremor. The mark must be visible from the direction it faces. Lindane has long been associated with pollution due to its long persistence and quick accumulation in fatty tissues. Medical observation is indicated. ILO and WHO 2021. A marking in conformance with the requirements of this paragraph in effect on December 31, 2014, may continue to be used until December 31, 2016. WebInternational initiatives on Lindane include the Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution; the Rotterdam Convention; the OSPAR Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic, the Great This produces toxic and corrosive fumes including chlorine (see ICSC 0126), hydrogen chloride (see ICSC 0163) and phosgene (see ICSC 0007). 0000047710 00000 n (3) Transitional exception. Aurora is best viewed in areas without light pollution and no cloud cover. (2) Except as otherwise provided in this subchapter, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark shall be placed in association with the hazard warning labels required by subpart E of this part or, in the absence of any labels, in association with the marked proper shipping name. [16] Only rarely have seizures and even more rarely fatal reactions been reported when lindane medications were used (presumably) according to directions.[7][11][12]. Molecular mass: 290.8 (3) Except for transportation by vessel, on a bulk packaging, freight container or transport vehicle that bears a label or placard specified in subparts E or F of this part. Lindane is registered for use in 50 countries, with restricted-use status in 33 of these countries. The width of the border forming the square-on-point marking must be at least 2 mm. Lindane is the main insecticide produced in China. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. [6] Most exposure of the general population to lindane results from agricultural uses and the intake of contaminated foods, such as produce, meats and milk. WebIn the case of marine pollutants also meeting the criteria for inclusion in another hazard class, all provisions of this subchapter relevant to any additional hazards continue to In the U.S., lindane medications are approved for the treatment of scabies, pubic lice (crabs), and head lice. WebTherefore, if: (1) p-Dodecylphenol is a synonym to Dodecylphenol; and (2) the concentration of Dodecylphenol in the solution is at least one percent by weight, then the answer would be yes and "Lubrizol 9222R" would appear to be a marine pollutant. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. 0000003713 00000 n [7], In the face of negative publicity concerning lindane pharmaceutical products, the U.S. manufacturer, Morton Grove Pharmaceuticals, filed a legal complaint on February 6, 2007 in the U.S. District Court in Chicago, Illinois against the National Pediculosis Association, the Ecology Center, Inc., and two physicians for statements made and disseminated to healthcare providers and consumers using the internet and through a series of printed literature . %PDF-1.6 % Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Exposure could cause death. (ii) At least 250 mm (9.8 inches) for marks applied to all other bulk packages. [18] (see also Agricultural vs. Healthcare Applications) WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER. Samples of intestinal tissues were prepared in both control Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. (4) On a package of limited quantity material marked in accordance with 172.315 of this part. 0000001466 00000 n WebThe MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: Symbol (fish and tree): Black on For example, a meta-analysis of studies looking at the association between occupational exposure to agricultural lindane and non-Hodgkins lymphona among U.S. farmers found that lindane was not a primary factor in the development of the disease. As noted by the U.S. District Court, the case pleads that [d]efendants swap agricultural and pharmaceutical research selectively quoting and/or misstating findings from studies relating to the agricultural use of lindane, and widely disseminate false, misleading, and defamatory statements about the safety profile and effectiveness of lindane.[34] On June 18, 2007, Judge Elaine Bucklo issued a written decision denying defendants motion to dismiss and further held that Morton Grove had properly pled a case suitable for trial on the following counts: defamation, false advertising under the Federal Lanham Act, trade disparagement and violation of the Illinois Uniform Deceptive Trade Practice Act. Nausea. (2) On a combination packaging containing a marine pollutant, other than a severe marine pollutant, in inner packagings each of which contains: (i) 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less net capacity for liquids; or. [7], Based on these findings, lindane lotion and lindane shampoo were limited to small unit-dose bottles in 2003 by the FDA to mitigate the risk of misuse and further enhance product safety. WebLindane is a persistent organic pollutant: it is relatively long-lived in the environment, it is transported long distances by natural processes like global distillation, and it can Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Find out more about the company LUMITOS and our team. Over time, lindane is broken down in soil, sediment and water into less harmful substances by algae, fungi and bacteria; however, the process is relatively slow and dependent on ambient environmental conditions. A wide range of pollutionfrom plastic pollution to light pollutionaffects marine ecosystems. [6] (see also Regulatory Status) The FDA, however, continues to support the use of lindane prescription medications, noting that The risk of occupational/environmental exposure should be assessed separately and independent of the risk related to the therapeutic use of a medication to treat a medical condition where there is direct benefit to the patient. Liquid formulations containing organic solvents may be flammable. However, a significant amount of Lindane is also found in UN Classification 0000050404 00000 n [23] However, more recent evaluations by subject matter experts do not support this rating. [10] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Other countries, like Canada, similarly approve of pharmaceutical applications for lindane but no longer permit its broader use agriculturally. [4][6] It is banned in 52 countries and the state of California, and is under review for addition to the Stockholm Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants. [7], In 1995, lindane medications were designated second-line and are now reserved for patients who are unable to tolerate or have failed first-line treatmentsa growing problem in the U.S. and elsewhere due to increased rates of resistance. (2) Be marked on each end and each side with the MARINE POLLUTANT mark if the packaging has a capacity of 3,785 L (1,000 gallons) or more. [4][25] The latter includes the U.S. and Canada, which support public health uses of pharmaceutical lindane but no longer allow agricultural applications. Well closed. The Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants considers the use of lindane in agriculture as largely redundant, with other, less toxic and less persistent pesticides. [1] For these purposes, 105 fish were exposed to different concentrations of Lindane for 96 h in 5 groups with 3 replications. Vlkov and Hofman demonstrated that soil properties affect the bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants such as lindane, DDT, phenanthrene and (June 8, 2007 order). Refer for medical attention. In 2003, the FDA published a safety analysis of adverse events reported in association with the use of lindane medications received through its adverse event monitoring system (AERS database) between from 1974 through 2002. xref $>. People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its 0000006227 00000 n [16] The vast majority (85%) of these reports488 totalwere classified as nonserious, while serious events most often resulted from product misuse (80% of serious cases). Purpose Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (-, - and - (Lindane)) were recently included as new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Stockholm Convention, and therefore, the legacy of HCH and Lindane production became a contemporary topic of global relevance. WebLindane, a lipophilic pollutant, may be toxic to organisms. Larger than the issue of lindane toxicity are concerns related to the non-gamma isomers of HCH, namely alpha-HCH and beta-HCH, which are notably more toxic than lindane. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. [13], The State of California banned the pharmaceutical use of lindane, effective 2002. Lindane, also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (-HCH) and benzene hexachloride (BHC), is an organochlorine insecticide that has been used in agriculture and in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of headlice and scabies. Lindane in soil can leach to surface and even ground water and can bioaccumulate in the food chain. Risk of fire and explosion if formulations contain flammable/explosive solvents. [7][11][12] [16] (see also Pharmaceutical Uses) Indeed, most of the adverse human health effects reported for lindane have related to agricultural uses and chronic, occupational exposure of seed treatment workers to agricultural-grade lindane. WebSurface waters near industrialized and agricultural areas are contaminated with hundreds of different pollutants from a variety of sources. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur along the food chain, for example in fish and seafood. Refer immediately for medical attention. In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. Air quality and pollution has gotten worse in Colorado. Lindane (-BHC) is an organochlorine insecticide that is classified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP), and serious health problems can arise after [7][16], In all age groups, reported adverse events occurred mainly in patients with contraindications to the use of lindane or in those who appeared to have misapplied or orally ingested medication. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Effects of long-term or repeated exposure [15] Central nervous system stimulation ranging from dizziness to seizures, has also been reported; however, serious effects, like seizures, have almost always resulted from oral ingestion or misuse of medication (e.g., repeated treatments or prolonged applications). People who are occupationally exposed to it are advised to avoid its contact with eyes, skin and via inhalation. [32][33] In the U.S., petitions to ban the use of pharmaceutical lindane have been rejected by the FDA and determined to be without merit by experts working with this regulatory agency. 0000003168 00000 n Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Boiling point: 323C Melting point: 113C Density: 1.9 g/cmSolubility in water, g/100ml at 20C: 0.0007 (very poor)Vapour pressure, Pa at 20C: 0.0012 Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20C (air = 1): 1Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: 3.61 - 3.72. Marine pollutants or environmentally hazardous substances are materials that can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems. Marine pollutant is a term mainly used by IMDG code while the term " environmentally hazardous substances " are used by other dangerous goods regulations such as ADR and IATA. Decomposes on heating and on burning. This mark may be displayed in black lettering on a white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. The direct causes of death for the other cases were attributed to reasons other than lindane. [11][12] Both medications contain only the gamma-HCH isomer, and are available as prescription-only medications. Lindane is categorized as a persistent organic pollutant, and its concentrated form persists in the aquatic environment. [1] In the 1940s and 1950s lindane producers stockpiled these isomers in open heaps, which led to ground and water contamination. It is also a recognised irritant. 0000005726 00000 n 0000001327 00000 n 0000006477 00000 n Methods for measurement of sediment, surface water, and porewater toxicity in marine environments include the sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development tests and copepod In addition, there were 46 hospitalizations, and seven life-threatening outcomesfive from the same household. Diarrhoea. The following ingredients are of concern in the marine environment and need more testing: Cinoxate. WebLindane is considered a marine pollutant, and special requirements have been set for marking, labeling, and transporting this material. (1) On single packagings or combination packagings where each single package or each inner packaging of combination packagings has: (i) A net quantity of 5 L (1.3 gallons) or less for liquids; or, (ii) A net mass of 5 kg (11 pounds) or less for solids. However, Morton Grove presented new facts supporting its case for jurisdiction in Illinois and the Court held that Morton Grove's "Second Amended Complaint would provide specific jurisdiction over the Center and Weil." The MARINE POLLUTANT mark must conform to the following: (1) Except for size, the MARINE POLLUTANT mark must appear as follows: (2) The marking must be in the form of a square-on-point. [1] Alpha- and beta-HCH were used agriculturally in the U.S. in the form of technical-grade HCH until 1976 and are also produced as manufacturing by-products but are void of insecticidal properties and have little to no use. Separated from bases and food and feedstuffs. 89 0 obj <>stream Six cases of congenital anomaly were also describedfive for infants "possibly" exposed to lindane in utero and one paternal exposurebut no characteristic pattern of effect was noted. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. The World Health Organization classifies lindane as "moderately hazardous", and its international trade is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. In 2009, the production and agricultural use of lindane was banned under the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. Code of Federal Regulations Title 49. Remove contaminated clothes. Cough. The most common reports to the FDA were "drug ineffective," followed by convulsions, dermatitis and dizziness. [1][21] Similarly, no increased cancer risk was noted in a large epidemiologic study of lindane medications involving a 143,594-patient database with up to 21 years of follow up, which concluded that There is still no persuasive evidence from studies of humans that lindane, as ordinarily used clinically, is carcinogenic in humans. [22] [5] However, in 2006, the Agency published an addendum to its initial decision and called for the voluntary cancellation of all agricultural uses by registered manufacturers (effective July 2007), citing a significant change in the costs and benefits of agricultural uses due to the recent introduction of seed-treatment alternatives to lindane. 2-ethyl-hexyl-4-trimethoxycinnamate (Octinoxate, Uvinul MC80) Glyceril octanoate dimethoxylcinnamate. Routes of exposure The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. A review of the most serious cases described 15 deaths of which two were confirmed related to lindane misuse including a suicidal ingestion. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance, chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus and protective gloves. 0000006190 00000 n The study also documented a marked decrease in lindane wastewater contamination and lindane poisoning incidents reported to Poison Control Centers.
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