effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana
employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Cities, Territories and Inclusive Growth: Unraveling UrbanRural Linkages in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. For example, compared with households in the Souths districts without cities, the predicted probability of using fertilizer increases by 25 percent in the Norths districts with secondary cities, while the marginal effects are smaller in Northern districts with 3rd-tier cities or without cities, at 18.7 percent and 13.9 percent, respectively. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. In my opinion, urban areas are places that consist of a variety of land uses and buildings, where services and amenities are easily accessible to the general public, and includes an established multimodal transportation network. %j;4 ,/ The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). * Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Director of Gender Equity and Empowerment at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 23 October 2015, page 15, For subscriptions to the English edition, contact: Our Sunday Visitor: L'Osservatore Romano, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. In this paper, the authors examined the effects One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. infrastructure and services. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. It has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. The Industrial Revolution in the 1900s was a time of substantial transformation throughout society. WebUrbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths Ghanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). Despite the negative effects of Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking lots, etc. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. Census data. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. T HE effect of urbanization The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD Similar studies have found correlations between the size of a city and its impact on the surrounding rural areas (e.g., Berdegue et al. Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. Urbanisation has Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning All rights reserved. However, this approach requires data that is not available for Ghana. So many things good and bad happened with urbanization. Market access is measured by whether a rural community has a daily or periodic market. Most people were working for long hours for very little money to survive. Families offer many plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. Physical Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. Herbicide and insecticide use in Ghana has also increased sharply in recent years, from less than 2 percent of all farm households in 1998 to about 55 percent in 2013 (Grabowski and Jayne 2016). societies especially since the last century. * p<0.1. As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. Some of the bad being overpopulation. All rights reserved. To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. 1992), which emphasize the role of market access as well as population pressure (resulting in decreased access to land) in driving agricultural intensification, suggest that farmers in more urbanized areas will be more likely to adopt agricultural intensification practices and technologies. (2015) and others in Latin America. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. About 40 percent of farm households used mechanization in 2012/13 in the North, compared to less than 30 percent in the South (Table 5.8). This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. Urbanization trends indicate The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. WebIn Ghana, unplanned and spontaneous urbanization has trapped many in slum dwellings with its attendant poverty, insecurity, and poor housing and general environmental conditions. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Notes: Farm size is based on cultivated area. Accra. are encroaching upon them. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement urban dwellers are jeopardized. And while the impacts are mixed in districts with larger cities, poverty rates have fallen for all household types in the non-city districts. He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). The hard earned financial resources of the terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. As cities and towns grow, municipal In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. Most of this y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L For instance, due to rapid urbanisation It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. It has been observed that the most spectacular change in Ghana over the last few decades has As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. Ghana has a well-defined southnorth divide, which, amongst other things, reflects spatial differences in agroecological conditions, population density, rural infrastructure, and levels of urbanization. 1975 International Journals These patterns of change in household employment have also led to spatial patterns of change in the incidence of poverty. The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth.