direct rule in tanganyika
Click here to navigate to parent product. Townships that served as headquarters of the Secteurs had schools, health centers or dispensaries and a local court. The following year a presidential election was held, with TANU leader Julius Nyerere emerging victorious. Constitutionally, the most important immediate postwar development was the British governments decision to place Tanganyika under United Nations trusteeship (1947). Portugal was the oldest colonial power in Africa and was the last one to leave. What is the meaning of direct and indirect rule? In 1896 work began on the construction of a railway running northeastward from Tanga to Moshi, which it reached in 1912. e) Traditional farming methods were improved through research and adoptingnew methods. In indirect rule, the British officials did not extert their influence directly to tbe people but through local chiefs, whereas in policy of assimilation, French officials exerted their influence directly to the people not through the local chiefs. He was responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies in the colony. The British in the colony had a Legislative Council (LegCo) which was established in 1906 and made all the laws that governed the colony. The system of government used by the British in Kenya is shown below. Social Justice Britain retained control of the region after World War II, when it became a United Nations trust territory. In 1920, Britain was given responsibility for Tanganyika under a League of Nations mandate. Under the terms of the trusteeship agreement, Britain was called upon to develop the political life of the territory, which, however, only gradually began to take shape in the 1950s. They had made money in their own countries and wanted to invest it in other continents. In this system, the colonial administration tried to convert Africans from their culture to Western culture. But there was another possibility, and this was an alliance with the educated, in some suitable institutional form. 1996. encouragement of African farmingcould work, and he promoted it; yet he was not prepared to risk alienating settlers (Iliffe 1979: 2778; Rodgers 1974: 978). He wrote that the locals were not sure about its meaning and conjectured that it meant something like "the great lake spreading out like a plain", or "plain-like lake". Of the many thousands of societies known to him in India only one assumed a political attitude by adopting Non-Co-operation, and thereby ceased to exist. Most of Senegalese were Muslims and it was not easy for them to be converted to Christians. Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz. General Overviews. King Leopold II invited private companies to start development projects in the empire. Improved quality of life for citizens: Ultimately, the potential advantages of a union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar could lead to improved quality of life for the people of both countries. Recall that indirect rule is the system of government in which the traditional structures of the local people were employed in the administration of the British overseas territories in West Africa. " direct" style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. Various names were considered, including "Smutsland" in honour of General Jan Smuts (denied for being "inelegant"), "Eburnea," "New Maryland," "Windsorland" after the British Royal Family's new family name, and "Victoria" after both the Lake and the Queen. viiiix). Colonial administration in Kenya used Direct Rule. The chief item in the development program was a plan to devote 3 million acres (1.2 million hectares) of land to the production of peanuts (the Groundnuts Scheme). It presents divergent viewpoints in a readable fashion for concerned citizens with an interest in current affairs, while including ample notes and references to satisfy the academic reader. It was, however, to be twenty years before the possibilities, opened up by this alliance, were recognized. This successfully encouraged the pioneer coffee-growing activities on the slopes of Kilimanjaro. Cameron made it clear when he arrived in Tanganyika, and many times thereafter, that he was ruling on behalf of the African population, but he also made it clear, for example when laying the foundation stone of Tabora School in 1925, that Tanganyika was definitely and for ever embodied in the framework of the British Empire (quoted by Mbilinyi 1975: 4). This led to the loss of the African culture. Updates? The UK held Tanganyika as a League of Nations mandate until the end of World War II after which it was held as a United Nations trust territory. j) People from the same traditional communities were divided and placed in different countries or colonies. Both elections were won by the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), which led the country to independence in December 1961. 2. Search within full text. Another major change, which was the direct result of the war, was the United Nations Trusteeship to replace the former League Mandate. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Foreign companies realized that if they paid good salaries and improved working conditions of their workers, then they would make them happy, and they would work better. By 1905, the Germans had felt confident that their policies and activities had become very successful. In 1885, the German Empire declared its intent to establish a protectorate in the area, named German East Africa (GEA), under the leadership of Carl Peters. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. This programme was reversed by a settler community which successfully manipulated the German political system. Colonial administration used this method to rule people in colonies. In India, indigenous institutions continued to exist, and upon independence, efforts were made to integrate the domi- nant and indigenous education systems. officer in North-West Tanganyika, engaged upon researches along the same line, though in his case the Hamitic dynasty was less advanced and the survival of the basic organization probably more vigorous. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. By operation of law, the agent must follow the directions of the principal. Social Justice is a project of Global Options, a tax-exempt educational and research organization. Not the least attractive feature of this movement is that perhaps no other system offers better prospects of producing leaders from among the people. However, they did not put back any of the profi ts to develop the continent. d) Many followers of traditional religion were converted into Christianity. It was left to Germany, with its newly awakened interest in colonial expansion, to open up the country to European influences. Germans used harsh methods in ruling just like the British > FA *+@IZu1t JFIF C Many of the indigenous people had been turned into poorly paid laborers who also had to pay taxes. Sir Donald Cameron, who succeeded Byatt in 1925 and stayed for six years, is remembered for his passionate belief in indirect rule.2 This was an attempt to rule the country through chiefs, or at least to give the chiefs an appearance of ruling the country. The chiefs quickly lost the confidence both of their people and of their British masters (lliffe 1979: 3304). England, the major partner, has never had self-government and, just like Tanganyika (whose name has been superseded by Tanzania with the addition of the qualifier mainland under the present government system) its affairs are governed by the union government. Preservation of traditional institutions. Mhlhahn, and Nina. o) In most colonies, there was no sense of democracy, justice or equality. Select 7 - The collapse of the local compromise, Find out more about saving to your Kindle, Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511759635. In early 1954 Nyerere and his associates transformed the TAA from a social organization to a political one, and later the same year the TAA became the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), with the stated aims of self-government and independence. This changing outlook constitutes in my view one of the major problems of Africa today. ), Lugard, despite his blimpish paternalism and racialism, criticized earlier British policy, argued for accelerated promotion of African administrators (p. 88), and even gave qualified praise to the Pan-African Congress of 1919 (p. 83). This was known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890. a) The Africans lost their political independence. Why was indirect rule not always used? The German direct rule led to widespread of Christianity in Tanganyika except in the coastal areas, where the Arabs had deeply established Islam. To do 2 min read. In northern Nigeria and in Buganda there were long-established and powerful chieftainships. 801) about Europeanised Africansthe educated who he claimed were more cut off from their people than the colonialists: advancement in self-government must depend on the extent to which the educated class is in sympathy with, and capable of representing, the illiterate sections of the people. Nor can he be said to have encouraged a rapid promotion of Africans in the administration. He has drawn on a wide range of sources, both in East Africa and Germany. g) Africans were discriminated against and mistreated in their own countries. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The British had controlled most of the land area since 1917, and Sir Horace Byatt, who headed the civilian administration during the war, became the first British Governor in 1920. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia? African people were treated badly. Direct rule was the form/ type of colonial administrative system applied by the Germans where by Africans were ruled directly without local rulers support. In 1923, Philip Mitchell, at that time District Officer in Tanga, decided to run the Tanga government office entirely with African staff. During the early 19th century, with British support, Oman began developing in the region more closely to prevent French growth in the Indian ocean and grow Omans wealth and influence. Indirect rule is a weaker form of government, because it allows some of the local people under appointment to make decisions regarding the codification of the law. direct style of rule features highly centralized decision making while. During World War I, Britain captured the German holdings, which became a British mandate (1920) under the name Tanganyika Territory. The assimilated blacks enjoyed the following rights: The policy of assimilation failed and was replaced with the policy of association. and entity. The evidence suggests that it was, almost totally, ineffective. Portugal also used it in Mozambique and Angola in the employment of "Degradados" . 84. The Akidas were the Arabs and Swahili people who collaborated with the Germans, while the Jumbes were Headsmen and leaders of small clans or groups of Africans. An official majority was retained. Cameron has been described as the first great governor, and Nyerere himself, in 1956, singled him out as the only governor up to that time who had not ruled the country as if it were a British colony (Listowel 1965: 75; Nyerere 1966: 41). What was the stated goal of indirect rule in Africa? It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only.
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